Environmental Profile of Turkey
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENTSINTRODUCTION PROJECT STAFF PHOTOGRAPHS AIR POLLUTION A. DEFINITION B. EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT 1. Effects on Human Beings 2. Effects on Nature a. Effects on Climate b. Effects on Animals and Plants 3. Damage to Objects C. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION 1. Urbanization 2. Industry a. Fertilizer Industry b. Iron and Steel Industry c. Paper and Cellulose Industry d. Sugar Industry e. Cement Industry f. Textile Industry g. Petro-chemical Industry h. Pesticide Industry i. Leather Industry j. Energy Production D. REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS ............... 1. Black Sea Region a. General Information b. Murgul (Göktaş) c. Zonguldak Metropolitan Area 2. Marmara Region a. General Information b. Istanbul 3. Aegean Region a. General Information b. Izmir 4. Central Anatolian Region a. General Information b. Ankara (1) Ankara's Being the Capital (2) Air Pollution in Ankara c. Eskişehir d. Kayseri 5, Eastern Anatolian Region a. General Information b. Erzurum c. Elazig d. Maden (Elazığ) E. RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations 3. Voluntary Organizations F. STUDIES AND RESEARCH 1. Government Organizations a. Studies Conducted by the Office of the Undersecretary for the environment b. Other Studies 2. Scientific Organizations 3. Voluntary Organizations G. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS WATER POLLUTION A. DEFINITION B. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION ON HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT 1. Black Sea Region 2. Marmara Region 3. Aegean Region 4. Mediterranean Region 5. Eastern Anatolian Region C. TURKEY'S WATER POTENTIAL 1. Water Basins 2. Water Usage 3. Probable Developments in Water Use by the Year 2000 D. CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION 1. Agricultural Activities a. Sediment Pollution Resulting from Soil Erosion b. Pollution Created by Plant Nutritive Substances c. Animal Wastes d. Agricultural Pesticides 2. Industry a. Chemical Pollution b. Physical Pollution c. Physiological Pollution d. Biological Pollution e. Radioactive Pollution 3. Wastes in Settled Areas E. REGIONAL WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS 1. Pollution of Seas a. Bay of izmit b. Gemlik Bay c. The Golden Hom d. The Independenta Disaster 2. Pollution in Lakes a. Lake Sapanca b. Salt Lake 3. Pollution in Rivers a. Sakarya River b. Porsuk Stream c. Nilüfer Stream d. Simav Stream e. Ankara Stream F. RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations 3. Voluntary Organizations G. STUDIES AND RESEARCH 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations H. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SOIL A. SOIL PROBLEMS: DEFINITION i SOIL POLLUTION EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS AK THEIR ENVIRONMENT 1. Effects of Erosion a. Increasing Loss of Soil b. Decreasing Productivity Potential c- Loss of Plant Nutritives d. Decline in Crop Ouality e. Decrease in Water Retention Capacity . f Covering Over of Fertile Soil with Sediment g Destruction of Soil Structure h. Increase in Draught Power Need L Flood Ravines and Land Loss j. Sedimentation k. Decreasing Capacity of Rivers and Reservoirs ......... 1. Increased Cost of Providing Water m. Decreasing Ouality of Land and Rivers n. Increasing Maintenance Expenses of Waterways and Harbors o. Wear and Damage in Dams and Irrigation Systems ...... 2. Effects of Barrenness and Excessive Moisture ............ 3. Effects of Stoniness and Rockiness 4. Fertilizer and the Effects of Fertilization ' a. Incorrect Use of Fertilizer b. Excessive Fertilization 5. Effects of the Destruction of Agricultural Land ........... C. REGIONAL SOIL PROBLEMS 1. Northeastern Anatolian Region a. General Information b. Settlement and Industry 2. Aegean Region a. General Information b. Settlement and Industry 3. Marmara Region a. General Information b. Settlement and Industry 4. Mediterranean Region a. General Information b. Settlement and Industry 5. Northeastern Anatolian Region a. General Information b. Settlement and Industry 6. Southeastern Anatolian Region 7. Black Sea Region a. General Information b. Settlement and Industry 8. East Central Anatolian Region 9. South Central Anatolian Region a. General Information b. Settlement and Industry D. RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations 3. Voluntary Organizations E. STUDIES AND RESEARCH 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations 3. Voluntary Organizations FLORA AND FAUNA A. FORESTS 1. General Information 2. Forest Structure and Potential in Turkey a. Regional Forest Structure (1) Black Sea Region (2) Marmara Region (3) Aegean Region (4) Mediterranean Region (5) Central Anaiolian Region (6) Eastern Anatolian Region b. Forest Potential 3. Forest Problems 4. Studies on the Subject 5- International Relations B. PASTURES AND GRASSLANDS 1. General Information 2. Turkey's Pasture and Grassland Potential . . . , 3. Problems of Pasture and Grasslands a. Conversion into Arable Ground b. Excessive Grazing c. Early and Late Grazing d. Consequences of Pasture and Grassland Prob (1) Effects on Human Beings (2) Effects on Natural Resources (3) Economic Consequences 4. Studies on the Subject C. WETLANDS 1. Definition and Importance 2. Turkey's Wetlands 3. Studies on the Subject D. ENDEMIC PLANTS 1. Definition and Importance 2. Problems Concerning Endemic Plants a. Clearing Ground for Fields b. Forest Fires c. Construction of Dams 3. Studies on the Subject E. FAUNA AND ENDEMIC ANIMALS 1. Definition and Importance of Fauna 2. Characteristics of Turkey's Fauna 3. Species of Endemic Animals 4. Problems Concerning Fauna a. Hunting b. Destruction of Habitat c. Pollution 5. Studies on the Subject NATIONAL PARKS 1. Definition and Importance 2. Turkey's National Parks 3. Problems Concerning National Parks 4. Studies on the Subject ENERGY TURKEY'S ENERGY SITUATION AND RESOURCES 1. General Information 2. Energy Resources a. Coal b. Oil c. Electricity d. Wood, Dried Dung and Plant Wastes e. Geothermal Energy f. Biogas g. Solar Energy h. Wind Energy RELATIONS BETWEEN ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1. Climate 2. Land Use 3. Water Use 4. Emissions NEW AND CLEAN SOURCES OF ENERGY 1. General Information a. Solar Energy b. Geothermal Energy c. Wind Energy d. Biomass and Biogas ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ENERGY PRODUCTION 1. Coal 2. Oil 3. Electrical Power Plants a. Coal and Liquid Fuel Power Plants b. Nuclear Power Plants c. Hydraulic Power Plants 4. Wood, Dried Dung and Plant Wastes 5. Geothermal Energy 6. Biogas 7. Solar Energy 8. Wind Energy E. REGIONAL PROBLEMS 1. Problems Created by Thermal Power Plants .......... 2. Problems Created by Dams and Hydroelectric Power Plants a. The Kapulukaya Dam and Hydroelectric Plant ..... b. Keban Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant ....... 3. Problems ın Geothermal Fields 4. Selection of Location for Nuclear Power Plants ....... F. RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations 3. Voluntary Organizations G. STUDIES AND RESEARCH 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations 3. Voluntary Organizations H. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SOLID WASTES A. SOLID WASTES: DEFINITION AND DIMENSIONS ...... B. THE EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTES ON HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT 1. Dangers to Public Health 2. Fires and Explosions 3. The Escape of Gases from Solid Wastes 4. Leaks 5. Other Dangers C. REGIONAL PROBLEMS 1. Black Sea Region a. Zonguldak b. Other Cities 2. Marmara Region a. Istanbul b. Kocaeli c. Other Cities 3. Aegean Region a. Izmir b. Other Cities 4. Mediterranean Region a, Antalya b. Other Cities Central Anatolian Region Ankara b. Eskişehir c. Other Cities 6. Eastern and Southeastern Anatolian Regions D. RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations 3. Voluntary Organizations E. STUDIES AND RESEARCH 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations F. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PESTICIDES A. PESTICIDES: DEFINITION AND KINDS 1. Definition 2. Kinds of Pesticides B. EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT 1. General Information a. Direct Toxic Effect b. Secondary Toxic Effect c. Decrease in Varieties of Food d. Destruction of Habitat e. Natural Enemies 2. Effects of Pesticides on Human Beings 3. Effects of Pesticides on Water 4. Effects of Pesticides on the Soil 5. Effects of Pesticides on Beneficial Insects, Bees, Farm Animals and Foodstuffs a. Effects on Parasites and Predatory Insects b. Effects on Farm Animals and Foodstuffs 6. Effects of Pesticides on Birds, C. REGIONAL PROBLEMS 1. Mediterranean 2. Other Regions D. RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS E. STUDIES AND RESEARCH TRAFFIC A. THE DEFINITION OF TRAFFIC AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM B. THE EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC ON HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT 1. Accidents a. Accidents and Fatalities b. Causes of Accidents c. Results of Accidents d. Local Factors in Traffic Accidents (1) Traffic Accidents in Ankara (2) The E-5 Highway (Edirne - Istanbul and Istanbul - izmit) 2. Land Use 3. Landscape and Aesthetics 4. Air Pollution 5. Noise C. TURKEY'S HIGHWAY POTENTIAL . 1. Highway Transport 2. Motorized Land Vehicles D. RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations 3. Voluntary Organizations E. STUDIES AND RESEARCH 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations 3. Voluntary Organizations a. The Federation of Drivers and Motorists of Turkey . . b. The Traffic Accident Assistance Foundation of Turkey c. The Traffic Accident Prevention Association of Turkey F. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS NOISE A. THE DEFINITION OF NOISE B. THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT C, THE SOURCES OF NOISE D.NOISE IN TURKEY'S LARGE CITIES 1. Istanbul E. RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations . . 3. Voluntary Organizations F. STUDIES AND RESEARCH . 1. Government Organizations 2. Scientific Organizations . . 3. Voluntary Organizations BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX  |
