The Individual,Society, and Health Behavior
İÇİNDEKİLERForeword by Charles E. Smith, M.D. PrefacePART ONE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAN 1. Man as Part of Environment The Meaning of Transaction Man's Permeable Boundaries Geography and Behavior Geography and Psychological Life Effects of Environmental Change Public Health Illustrations 2. The Unity of Man Inner Balances Psychosocial Balances Objective-Subjective Totality Centralizing Psychological Effort Public Health Illustrations 3. Man as a Social Animal Man's Slow Development Man's Group Ties Social Definitions of Health Status Illustrations of Social Influences on Health 4. The Uniqueness of Man Individuality in Other Societies Sources of Uniqueness The Intimate Nature of Health Leadership and Interpersonal Skills 12 CONTENTS Unique versus General Principles of Behavior Communicating Unique and General Findings Translating General Findings 5. Patterns of Individual Variation Diseases and Disorders Vision and Hearing Touch Taste and Smell Kinesthetic Senses Intelligence Constitutional and Glandular Differences Conclusions 6. The Behavioral Cycle Children and Youth Anticipating Crises in Adults Program Planning and Research Tuberculosis Program Research Pregnancy and Childbirth Conclusions PART TWO MAN IN HIS SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 7. Society and Culture Human Society Common Features of Societies Inequalities in Social Placement Effects of Unequal Placement Culture as Man's Way of Life Varying Influences of Culture Man Internalizes Culture 8- Placing Man in His Social Habitat Social Class The Use of Class Terms Implications of Social Class for the Practitioner Measuring Social Class The Use of Indices of Social Class Distinguishing Caste and Class -14 THE INDIVIDUAL, SOCIETY, AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR Other Reference and Membership Groups Ethnic Groups Professional Membership and Reference Groups The APHA as a Membership-Reference Group 9. Position, Status, and Role Position and Status Roles as "Sets of Expectancies" Line and Staff Positions and Roles Role Dilemmas Role Definition Role Sets Role-Taking Role Conflicts Transactional Ties with the Community 10. The Meaning of Food Some Definitions of Food Food and the Life Cycle Food and Religion Food, Work, and Social Organization Food and Personality Development Changing Food Practices Food as Incentive for Social Change Symbolic Uses of Food Other Social and Emotional Meanings Implications PART THREE PERCEIVING THE WORLD 11. Man's Knowledge Comes from Experience The Nature-Nurture Question Learning to Perceive Research Difficulties Insights from Observation Studies of Chimpanzees Possible Implications Perception of Pain and Physiological Changes Can Perceptual Abilities Be Changed? contents 12. The Function and Process of Perception Perceptions Guide Actions Perception as a Dynamic Selective Process Perceiving Constancy and Stability Constancy in Perceiving Things Constancy in Perceiving Persons Ignoring Constant Stimulation Giving Meaning to Environment The Perceptual Process Components of the Perceptual Process Steps hi Acquiring Meaning The Efficiency of the Sense Organs Factors Contributing to Error Sensory Factors Influence of Ego-Defense Mechanisms Personality Factors Dealing with Cognitive Strain Narrowing Range of Observation Grouping and Stereotyping Recording Observations Expectations Guide Efforts to Reduce Strain [ 3. Man's Private World The Approach of Field Theory Objective and Subjective Facts Applying the Approach of Field Theory Application in Dental Health Application in Program Development Communicating Health Concepts Diagnosis and Treatment Patient Instructions Other Implications Summary PART FOUR SOCIAL MOTIVATION 4. The Search for the Sources of Man's Energy Instincts and Instinctual Tendencies Horn eo stasis Homeostasis and Social Motivations 16 THE INDIVIDUAL, SOCIETY, AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR Biogenic and Sociogenic Motives Are Some Motives "Basic"? Motivation in Infancy Diffused Character of Infant Behavior Conclusions and Implications Is the Concept of Motivation Necessary? Implications 15. Motivation Research: An Elusive Challenge Problems of Definition Conflicting Motives Inferring Motives Motive-Response Relationships The Value Quality of Experience Validity of Responses Indirect Methods A Study of Attitude Formation The Study of Rumor Marketing Research Uses in Public Health Research Limitations Implications 16. Motivation in Health Action An Overview The Future Orientation of Behavior The Self or Ego Ego-Involvement versus Egotism Ego-Involvement and Health Behavior Changes in the Self or Ego Changes During Adolescence An Illustration: The Various Meanings of "Hospital" Major Identifications as Anchorages Consistency-Inconsistency Health Goals and Personal Relevance Other Ego-Satisfactions and Threats 17. Patterns of Striving Deficiency and Growth Motives CONTENTS Maslow's Hierarchy Patterns of Security-Insecurity Changes in Strivings During Starvation Possible Implications for Public Health PART FIVE VALUES, ATTITUDES, AND BELIEFS 18. Values and Value Patterns Problems of Definition Values Guide and Limit Action Values Give Life Meaning The Early Acquisition of Values Values Are Inferred from Behavior Difficulties of Research on Values Studies of American Values The Process of Identifying a Social Value Influence on Public Health Programs Comparing the Values of Groups A Self-Anchoring Scale Spranger's Value Types A Scale of Personal Values Values of Women and Public Health Values of Health Team Top Level Bias "Basic Value Orientations" Orientation to Human Nature Value Orientation to Man-Nature Orientation to Time Orientation to Activity Orientations to Relationships The Values of Health and Life Prenatal and Infant Care Family Planning Value of Animal and Insect Life Other Life Value Influences Death and Its Meanings General Implications 18 the individual, society, and health behavior 19. Attitudes and Beliefs By Ronald C. Dillehay The Concept of Attitudes Attitude Measurement The Formation and Maintenance of Attitudes The Motivational Bases of Attitudes Attitudes, Beliefs, and Psychological Processes Attitudes and Action Persuasion and Attitude Change PART SIX THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION 20. Acquiring Social Behaviors Early Socializing Agents Identification and Imitation Reward and Punishment Personal Identity, Self, and Self-image Dealing with Oneself Observing Responses of Others to Oneself Indirect Nature of Social Learnings Indirect Sources of Attitudes Learning "Must" Behaviors Learning Rules versus Learning "Whys" An Experimental Study of Socialization The Contact Comfort Hypothesis The Experiment Experimental Findings and Conclusions The Learning of Social Roles Socializing Agents and Social Change Socializing Agents as Barriers to Progress Unchallenged Assumptions Stabilizing Influences Implications for Change Education for Child Rearing 21. Perceptual Development and Deprivation The Unstable World of Infancy Discovering the World Acquiring Concepts Acquiring Language CONTENTS Experimental Studies of Children Other Experience and Intelligence Follow-up Studies Experiments with Dogs The Epidemiology of Reading Disabilities Implications for Public Health-Mental Health PART SEVEN HUMAN LEARNING AND HEALTH ACTION 22. Learning Theories and Health Action Experimental Studies of Learning Processes Classical Conditioning Rote Learning or Memorizing Trial and Error Learning Instrumental or Operant Conditioning Other Research Examples Problems of Definition and Generalization Learning and Maturation Learning and Experience Learning as Improvement Learning and Social Values The Value of Resistance Textbook Weaknesses Other Theories of Learning Conclusion 23. Learning Components of Public Health Programs Typical Learning Situations in Public Health Programs with Required Outcomes Programs with Recommended Outcomes Self-Directed Learning Situations Learning as a Subjective, Irregular, Perceptual Process Learning Begins with Interest or Concern Perceptual Curiosity How Much Concern? Role of Education in Arousing Interest Illustration from Public Health Nursing Psychological Readiness in Tuberculosis Case-Finding Illustration from Maternal and Child Health Lack of Professional Concern 20 THE INDIVIDUAL, SOCIETY, AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR Exploratory Behavior as Part of Learning Types of Exploratory Responses Discursive Beginnings Approaching Solution from Learner's Point of View Identifying Barriers to Action Learning Through Solving Problems Effects of Thwarting Thoradike's "Law of Effect" The Timing of Effect Delayed Rewards May Not Be Seen as Effects Possibilities of Early Reinforcement "Inappropriate" Behaviors May Relieve Concerns "Learning by Doing" Ego-Involvement in the Task Gaining Acceptance of Participation in Learning Importance of Participation in Change Processes Social and Emotional Support for Learning Support from Social Groups Expectations of Others' Reactions Personal Concerns May Block Discussions The Transfer of Learning Public Health Examples Conditions Fostering Transfer Conclusions The Integration of New Learnings The Growing Edge 24. Verbal Conditioning Awareness in Verbal Conditioning Awareness and Learning Experimental Study of Awareness The Meaning of Awareness Public Health Implications of Verbal Conditioning Verbal Conditioning in Therapy Opinion Surveys Diagnostic Interview Awareness in Experimental Research Unsettled Issues Unsettled Issues Conclusions CONTENTS PART EIGHT THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS 25. The Crisis in Medical Communication The Public Health Communication Chain The Research Scientist The Public Health Practitioner Expert Communication "Gatekeepers" Conclusions 26. The Communicator for Public Health Agencies Representing Agency Policies Clarifying Intentions Defining the Image of the Audience Consideration of Special Factors and Conditions Audience Understanding of Health Jargon Basic Orientation to Authority Maintaining a Trustworthy Image The Order and Manner of Presentation of Issues The Laws of Primacy and Recency Commitment One-Sided versus Two-Sided Presentation Implications for Action The Use of Feedback Potential Barriers in Communication Types of Feedback Conclusions 27. Frames of Reference in Public Health Communications The Influence of Preparedness-Unpreparedness The Search for Cognitive Clarity Theory of Social Comparison The Influence of Anxiety Experimental Studies of Anxiety and Affiliation The "Autokinetic Phenomenon" Impressions of Other People Value and Attitude Climates The Persistence of Frames of Reference Public Health Illustrations 22 THE INDIVIDUAL, SOCIETY, AND HEALTH BEHAVIOR Experimental Findings Influence on Council Activities Implications for Public Health 28. The Role of Mass Media in Public Health By William Griffiths and Andie L. Knutson Mass Media Tend to Reach Select Audiences Effects May Be Specific and Limited Personal Appeals May Influence Effects Psychological Set Influences Interpretation Trusted Informal Leaders Can Serve Key Function Tinker to Evers to Chance? 29. Interpersonal Communication Within Organizations Physical Situation The Web of Relationships The Unique Qualities of the Communicator The Unique Qualities of the Communicant Words Are Perceptions Summary Index  |
