World Population Conference -1-
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENTS I. GROWTH OF POPULATION II. BIRTHS, DEATHS AND NATURAL INCREASE III. PROSPECTS OF STABILIZING POPULATION IV. PATHS OF TRANSITION FROM HIGH TO LOW FERTILITY V. FACTORS OF DECLINING FERTILITY IN THE PROCESSES OF DEVELOPMENT AND MODERNIZATION VI. EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENTAL POLICY AND ACTION PROGRAMMES ON FERTILITY TRENDS VII. MODERNIZATION OF MORTALITY VIII. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IX. POPULATION STRUCTURE, LABOUR FORCE AND DEPENDENCY X. THE DENSITY OF POPULATION XI. AGRICULTURAL POPULATION AND LAND XII. URBANIZATION AND METROPOLITAN CONCENTRATION Figures I. Population in major areas of the world: 1970 extimates and projections to 2000................ II. The impact of sex and age structure, nuptiality and marital fertility on crude birth rates III. Trends in expectation of life at birth in selected countries IV. Sex-age structure of the population in less developed and more developed regions, 1965 estimates and projections to 2000 V. Urban, rural and agricultural population in the world, more developed and less developed regions, 1950-2000 I. GLOSSARY OF DEMOGRAPHIC TERMS USED IN THIS DOCUMENT II. TABLES INTRODUCTION I. POPULATION AND RESOURCES A. The concept of natural resources B. Potential vater and land resources for agriculture C. How many people could be fed? D. Agricultural modernization E. " Non-fuel mineral resources F. Energy resources . . . II. POPULATION AMD ENVIRONMENT A. Environmental deterioration in the developed countries B. Factors determining environmental deterioration in less developed countries C. Global environmental change III. POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT A. Benefits and costs of alternative settlement patterns B. Internal organization of metropolitan areas , C. Locational policies and experiences relevant to rural development ........... , D. Locational policies and experiences relevant to urban development ............ IV. THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON POPULATION A. Technology as a cultural determinant B. Causes of technological dependence C. An independent technological development strategy D. Technology and ecodevelopment E. Technology and local empirical knovledge V. RESEARCH VI. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS REFERENCES LIST OF TABLES 1. Potentially arable and irrigable lands and potential gross cropped area 2. Population and cultivated land by continent, 1965 and 1985 3. Estimated energy consumption from fossil fuels on food 4. Energy reserves of the earth............ . 5. Present and estimated future energy use ........ 6. Estimated and projected world use of fossil fuels, hydro-power, and nuclear fission energy, 1870-2000 . . 7. Estimated fossil fuel reserves in different countries . 8. Estimated cost of fuel imports in per cent of gross domestic product, 1970 and 2000 9. Relation between water supplies and infectious diseases in East Africa PART OWE. INTRODUCTION I. THE FAMILY AND SOCIETY: SOME HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES AND DEFINITIONS ................... - Family type ............. -Socio-economic change and the family - Demographic change and the family . . PART TWO FAMILIES IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIES II. POPULATION TRENDS AND THE FAMILY ..... - Variations in family size....... . - Trends in the more developed regions . . - Trends in the less developed regions . , - Households and the family life cycle . . - Family structures and demographic change III. FAMILY STRUCTURE AND POLICIES IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES - Emergence of the small family ............. - New marriage patterns................. - Marriage, family formation and employment ....... - Some sociological implications of new family patterns . - The State and the family: some political responses . . IV. FAMILIES AND POLICIES IN TRANSITIONAL SOCIETIES . . - Demographic characteristics - Some characteristics of selected transitional populations ................... - The response to economic and social change - Family types: nuclear and extended - Internal migration and urban-rural differentials - Age at marriage ........ . . - Social change and the family - Education............. - Health programmes ......... - Family planning - Some basic principles V. TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES AND THE FAMILY - Definitions - Some regional illustrations - The threshold hypothesis PART THREE. POLICY ASPECTS VI. NATIONAL GOALS AND THE FAMILY - Mortality control - Development and resource allocation - A basis for family policy - Interrelations between family policy and other aspects of social change - The goal of small family size............. - Human rights and the family VII. EVALUATION AND POLICY,IMPLICATIONS - Implications of current growth patterns - The objectives of national* policies . . - Defining priorities - Universal criteria for a family policy I. Conclusions and research proposals of the Symposium on Population and the Family II. Population Strategy for Development: Declaration of the Second Asian Population Conference III. List of papers used Chapter I. BACKGROUND TO THE PLAN II. PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN III.RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION A. Population goals and policies 1. Population growth 2. Morbidity and mortality 3. Reproduction and family formation 4. Population distribution and internal migration . . 5. International migration 6. Demographic structure (with special reference to age and sex)................... B. Promotion of knowledge and policies........ . 1. Data collection and analysis 2. Research 3. Training, education and information ....... 4. Development and evaluation of population policies IV. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION . . A. Role of national Governments . . . B. Role of international co-operation C. Monitoring, review and appraisal . I. WOMEN'S RIGHTS FROM A DEMOGRAPHIC AND HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE It. THE RIGHT TO DETERMINE FREELY AND RESPONSIBLY THE NUMBER AND SPACING OF ONE'S CHILDREN III. THE RIGHT TO AN EDUCATION.......... IV. RIGHTS PERTAINING TO EMPLOYMENT...... . V. RIGHTS PERTAINING TO MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY A. Rights on entering marriage ..... B. Rights during marriage ....... C. Rights on the dissolution of marriage VI. PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFE AND DECISION-MAKING VII, THE STATUS OF WOMEN AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES INTRODUCTION I. UNITED NATIONS STANDARDS CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN RIGHTS AND FERTILITY ....... ......... A. RIGHTS RELATING TO MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY B. THE "RIGHT TO DECIDE FREELY AND RESPONSIBLY ON THE NUMBER AND SPACING OF CHILDREN" ......... 1. Formulation of the concept ............ 2. Persons and authorities concerned in the determination of the number and spacing of children 3. The concept of responsibility as regards the determination of the number and spacing of children 4. Dissemination of information and educational activities concerning the number and spacing of children ..................... 5. Provision of services and access to means for determining the number and spacing of children . . . II. UNITED NATIONS STANDARDS CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN RIGHTS AND VARIOUS QUESTIONS RELATING TO HUMAN MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY ................... A. DEFINITION AND PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE B. RIGHTS RELATING TO NUTRITION ......... C. RIGHTS RELATING TO HEALTH ........... III. UNITED NATIONS STANDARDS CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN RIGHTS AND MIGRATION ................ A. HUMAN RIGHTS PROVISIONS CONCERNING INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ................... 1. General principles ..... 2. Prohibition of discrimination 3. Prohibition of expulsion or forced transfers beyond the frontiers of a State .............. Special problems that arise in connexion with the right of nationals to leave their own country and to return to it ................. 5. Human rights standards concerning the entry and departure of non-citizens and the right to asylum 6. Rights guaranteed to migrants in their country of settlement ................... HUMAN RIGHTS PROVISIONS CONCERNING INTERNAL MIGRATION AND THE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS WITHIN THE FRONTIERS OF A STATE . 1. General principles ................. 2. Respective rights of nationals and aliens regarding freedom of movement in the territory of a State . . 3. Prohibition of forced transfers of population within the territory of a State .............. U. Measures to promote rural development and the planning of urban growth .............. "INTRODUCTION ................. I. FAMILY STRUCTURE AND CHANGE...... II. FAMILY FORMATION AND DISSOLUTION . . . . III. WOMEN ................. IV. CHILDREN ................ V. SOME NEW RESEARCH DIRECTIONS ...... VI. CONCLUSIONS .............. INTRODUCTION.......................... . . I. OBJECTIVES OF THE DRAFT WORLD POPULATION PLAN OF ACTION . . . . II. PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE DRAFT WORLD POPULATION PLAN OF ACTION , III. GUIDELINES FOR POPULATION POLICIES IN THE PLAN OF ACTION . . . , A. FREEDOM.......................... 1. Freedom of choice in size and spacing of family . . . . 2. Freedom of movement .................. 3. Freedom from morbidity and mortality ......... B. WELFARE .......................... C. DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE .............. D. SURVIVAL .................... IV. APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES .............. A. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF GUIDELINES ....... B. DEFINITION OF POPULATION PROBLEM ........ C. TRADEOFFS ................... V. IMPLICIT GUIDELINES VI. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE WORLD POPULATION PLAN OF ACTION ANNEX Introduction ........ ..... A. Background of the present report. B. Sources of information used and problems encountered in the preparation of the report. . . C. The meaning of "status of women". D. Structure of the report ..... E. Summary of the findings of the report and recommendations ............. 1. The scope and purpose of "family planning" . 2. The importance of family planning for women as individuals and its impact on their roles in society ................. 3. The status of women as a factor influencing family size and the birtherate ....... 4. Implications for women of current population trends ................... 5. The nature and scope of family planning and related programmes and women's role with respect to such programmes....... F. General observations and conclusions Chapter V. THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF FAMILY PLANNING AND RELATED PROGRAMMES AND WOMEN'S ROLE WITH RESPECT TO SUCH PROGRAMMES A. THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF FAMILY PLANNING AND RELATED PROGRAMMES 1. Range of services ................ 2. Governmental and non-governmental family planning programmes .................... 3. Related programmes offering direct family planning services ..................... 4. Additional measures designed to affect fertility indirectly .................... B. LEGISLATION AFFECTING ACCESS TO FAMILY PLANNING INFORMATION AND SERVICES ............... 1. The nature of legislative limitations 2. Legislation regulating family planning information and education .................. 3. Legislation regulating access to contraceptives 4. The question of legislation regulating induced abortion .......... ........... 5. Legislation regulating contraceptive sterilization 6. Demographic consequences of family planning legislation 7- The effect of legislative limitations on the individual woman.........-..... C. THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES 1. Women as policy makers 2. Implications of the under-representation of women 3. Family planning as an aspect of equal rights 4. The role of women's organizations 1. NUMBER OF CHILDREN BORN ALIVE PER 1,000 WOMEN, 1960-1970 2. PERCENTAGE OF MALES AND FEMALES WHO ARE "LITERATE" AND RATIO OF FEMALE TO MALE LITERACY RATES, 1960-1970 ...... 3. PERCENTAGE OF MALES AND FEMALES ENROLLED IN SCHOOL, AND RATIO OF FEMALE TO MALE ENROLMENT RATES, 1960-1970 . . 4. PERCENTAGE OF MALES AND FEMALES WHO ARE "ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE" AND RATIO OF FEMALE TO MALE ACTIVITY RATES, 1960-1972 5. PERCENTAGE OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE FEMALE POPULATION EMPLOYED IN AGRICULTURE, 1060-1971 6. PERCENTAGE OF FEMALES 15 TO 19 YEARS OF AGE WHO ARE MARRIED, 'WIDOWED OR DIVORCED, 1960-1971 ............... INTRODUCTION I. FAMILY PLANNING POLICY AND GOALS II. FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME PATTERNS III. PROGRAMME ACHIEVEMENT A. ACCEPTANCE AND USE B. PROPORTION OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE WITHIN AND OUTSIDE THE PROGRAMME .................. C. NUMBER OF BIRTHS AVERTED DUE TO THE PROGRAMME IV. IMPACT OF THE PROGRAMME ON FERTILITY A. MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS ...... B. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS ON THE ASSESSMENT OF PROGRAMME IMPACT ON FERTILITY ............... 1. Relationship between input and output (acceptance) . . 2. Programme acceptance and fertility .......... 3. Fertility trend over a period of time ........ V. SUMMARY ANNEXES I. PROGRAMME ORGANIZATION - FINANCE AND PERSONNEL II. CURRENT AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF ACCEPTORS AND CURRENT AND AVERAGE RATES OF FAMILY PLANNING III. CONTINUATION RATES FOR IUD AND ORAL PILL AND PROPORTIONS OF USERS OF FAMILY PLANNING INTRODUCTION I. PROSPECTS OP TOTAL POPULATION AND ITS SEX-AGE COMPONENTS................' . . A. AN OVERVIEW................. B. TOTAL POPULATION GROWTH. . . ........ C. PROJECTED TRENDS IN FERTILITY AND MORTALITY. 1. Fertility................ 2. Mortality................ D. PROJECTED CHANGES IN AGE STRUCTURE ..... PROJECTED CHANGES IN FUNCTIONAL GROUPS A. WORKING-AGE POPULATION B. SCHOOL-AGE POPULATION...... C. CHILDREN IN AGES 0-4 D. OLD-AGE POPULATION ..... . . E. FEMALES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE AGES III. URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION PROJECTIONS IV. PROJECTIONS OF THE NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES V. WORLD POPULATION PROSPECTS BEYOND THE YEAR 2000................... A. AN OVERVIEW B. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS 1. Fertility Assumptions. .... 2. Mortality Assumptions..... C. LONG-RANGE WORLD POPULATION GROWTH D. ULTIMATE LEVELS OF CRUDE BIRTH AND DEATH RATES AND AGE STRUCTURE.......... 1. Total population and annual rates of growth by areas and regions of the world, 1970-2000 (medium variant) .... 2. Crude birth and death rates by areas and regions of the world, 1970-2000 (medium variant) 3. Gross reproduction rates and life expectancy at birth by areas and regions of the world, 1970-2000 (medium variant) . . . 4. Percentage distribution of population by major age groups for areas, 1970, 1985 and 2000 (medium variant) 5. Dependency ratios by areas, 1970-2000, medium variant (per cent) 6. Population, percentage increase and average annual rate of growth by functional age groups for areas, 1970-2000 (medium variant) . . 7. Urban and rural population, and percentage of urban population by areas and regions, 1970-2000 ........... . ..... 8. Number and average size of households by areas and regions, 1970-1985 (medium variant)................, 9. Total population and percentage distribution by the more developed and less developed regions by areas, 1970-2125 (medium variant) .................... FIGURES 1. Sex-age structure of the population in less developed and more developed regions, 1970 and 2000 (medium variant) 2. Future world population growth by-the more developed and less developed regions, 1970-2125 (medium variant) I. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND PERSPECTIVES II. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS III. MAIN FACTS A. Recent levels B. Trends C. Stability of trend directions D. World-wide thrusts to convergence E. Differences by sex F. Changes by age .......... IV. SOME MAIN PROSPECTS AND IMPLICATIONS . A. Casual aspects .......... B. Trend prospects ......... C. Effects on population growth rates D. Future sex differentials ..... E. Age patterns of change ...... TABLES 1. Recent expectation of life at birth; since 1960 (both sexes combined): countries grouped by per capita income 2. Expectation of life at ages 0, 30 and 60, by sex;countries classified by per capita income statu; earlier twentieth century and recent decades 3. Crude death rates and infant mortality rates; countries classed by per capita income status; earlier twentieth century and recent decades  |
