Jobs And Incomes In A Globalizing World
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENTS Acknowledgements........................................... 1. Introduction .......................................... 2. Globalization: Characteristics, issues and concerns ........... What is globalization? ................................... Globalization: An empirical sketch.......................... Globalization: Then and now............................... Globalization: Issues and concerns .......................... Appendix 2.1 List of countries.............................. 3. Trade and global income inequality........................ Introduction ........................................... Global income inequality, 1981-97.......................... The preliminaries ................................... Inter-country inequality, 1981-97 ....................... International inequality, 1981-97 ....................... Trade liberalization and global income inequality ............... Conclusions ........................................... Appendix 3.1 List of countries ............................. Appendix 3.2 Percentage distribution of population by the inequality trend in countries of residence 4. Trade, jobs and wages .......... Introduction ................... What does economic theory tell us? The basic analytical framework A necessary dose of realism The empirical evidence...........Jobs and incomes in a globalizing world Trade and the pattern of specialization ..................... Employment and wages in industrialized countries............ Employment and wages in developing countries.............. A summing up............................................ Appendix 4.1 Classification of manufacturing industries............ Appendix 4.2 Ratio of manufacturing employment to total civilian employment, average annual growth rate (%), various years ........ Appendix 4.3 Trade performance, selected ME countries, various years 5. Trade and international migration .......................... Introduction ............................................. Trade and international migration: Insights from economic theory International migration in the 1990s: The evidence................ The trends .......................................... The phenomenon of brain drain .......................... International migration, then and now..................... Conclusions............................................. Appendix 5.1 Cumulative effects of emigration on population and labour force in European countries, 1870-1910 ............... 6. Trade and labour standards................... Introduction ................................ Trade and labour standards: Theory and evidence Some preliminaries....................... An analytical perspective .................. "Unfair trade" and "social dumping" ......... "Race to the bottom" ..................... Improving labour standards in a developing economy Concluding remarks .......................... 7. Conclusions................................ References Index..... Tables 2.1 Capital and labour mobility, 1980 and 1998 ..................... 2.2 Structure of world trade (% share)............................ 2.3 Manufactured exports, 1980-82 and 1996-98................... 2.4 Trade in manufactures, developing countries, 1980-82 and 1996-98 ..2.5 Percentage distribution of manufactured imports by source region, 1980-82 and 1996-98.................................. 2.6 Trade performance, 1980 and 1998................................. 2.7 Trade and FDI flow, 1980 and 1998 ................................ 2.8 Global redistribution of manufacturing employment, 1980 and 1997........ 3.1 Variation in trade performance, 1981-97............................. 3.2 Patterns of variation in trade-GDP ratio ............................. 4.1 Manufactured trade by technology category, various years ............... 4.2 Manufactured trade by technology category, selected ME countries, various years.................................................. 4.3 Average annual growth of employment, selected industrialized countries, various years.................................................. 4.4 Average annual growth of real wage, selected industrialized countries, various years............................... 4.5 Manufacturing employment in ME countries and territories, 1980 and 1997 ................................................ 4.6 Average annual rate of growth of employment, real wages and - labour productivity in manufacturing in five ME countries, various years 5.1 Stock of migrant workers from developing countries, 1988 and 1998 ....... 5.2 Annual inflow of legal immigrants from developing countries, 1988-98..... 5.3 Annual inflow of foreign population from developing countries, 1990-98 5.4 Average years of education of legal emigrants to the United States and of resident population, 1990................................... 5.5 Rate of legal emigration to the United States by education category, 1990 ... Figures 2.1 World trade as a percentage of world GDP, 1989-98.................... 2.2 Foreign direct investment flow as a percentage of world GDP, 1980-98..... 3.1 Convergence/divergence, 96 economies, 1981-97...................... 3.2 Inter-country inequality, 96 economies, 1981-97....................... 3.3 International inequality, 96 economies, 1981-97....................... 3.4 The "convergence club", 37 economies, 1981-97...................... 3.5 Trade performance and economic growth, 95 economies................. 3.6 Trade performance and level of development, 95 economies.............. 3.7 Demographic change and income, 96 economies....................... 3.8 Demographic change and international inequality, 1980-97 .............. 4.1 Wage inequality in selected industrialized countries, 1980-96............. 4.2 Wage inequality in selected ME countries, various years................. 4.3 Inequality in labour productivity in selected ME countries, various years  |
