Energy and Protein Requirements
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENTS 1. Introduction............................ 2. Basic concepts........................... 2.1 General considerations..................... 2.2 Definitions.......................... 3. Glossary of terms and units..................... 3.1 Energy requirement ...................... 3.2 Safe level of protein intake................... 3.3 Reference man and reference woman............... 3.4 Sample children and adolescents................. 3.5 Units of energy........................ 3.6 Energy value of foods ..................... 3.7 Crude protein........................ 3.8 Net protein utilization.................... 3.9 Relative nitrogen utilization................... 3.10 Protein efficiency ratio.................... 4. Background........................... 4.1 Historical.......................... 4.2 Energy protein interrelationships................ 4.3 The share of nutrients in the energy supply........... 5. Energy.............................. 5.1 Physical activity........................ 5.2 Body size and body composition................ 5.3 Climate........................... 5.4 Energy requirements of reference adults............. 5.5 Energy requirements of infants, children, and adolescents..... 5.6 Energy requirements during pregnancy and lactation....... 5.7 Relative energy requirements for maintenance, growth, and activity . 5.8 Food energy in relation to other nutrients............ 6. Protein............................. 6.1 Nitrogen requirements-methods of estimation.......... 6.2 Amino acid requirements and amino acid patterns........ 6.3 Evaluation of dietary protein quality.............. 6.4 Factors influencing protein requirements............ 6.5 The safe level of intake of egg or milk protein.......... 6.6 Adjustments for the quality of protein in the diet......... 7. Practical applications....................... 7.1 Interpretation of energy and protein requirements........ 7.2 Estimation of energy requirements at the national or population level 7.3 Estimation of protein needs at the national or population level . . .7.4 Identification of needs...................... 7.5 Long-term planning for energy and protein supplies ......... 8. Future research............................ 8.1 Need for field data........................ 8.2 Ethical considerations ...................... 8.3 Gross energy supplies for the community.............. 8.4 Prediction of energy requirements................. 8.5 Gross protein supplies for the community.............. 8.6 Prediction of nitrogen and amino acid requirements......... 8.7 Significance of diets in pregnancy, lactation, and perinatal feeding . . . 8.8 Protein-energy interactions.................... 8.9 Nutrition, infection, and parasitism ................ Annex 1. Percentiles for weight and height of males and females aged 0-18 years Annex 2. Calculation of the energy values of foods or food groups by the Atwater system............................ Annex 3. Conversion of nitrogen to protein................ Annex 4. Standard basal metabolic rates of individuals of both sexes..... Annex 5. Some values of energy expenditure in everyday activities ......  |
