Hunter's Diseases of Occupations
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENTSList of Contributors XV11 Preface , X1X SECTION I HISTORY Editor R Murray 1 Man and His Work Revised by K Murray Occupations Determined by Climate Early Weapons and Tools 7 Greek Prejudice against Manual Labour 12 Traditional Trades and Crafts 15 The Medneval Guilds 23 Early Occupational Medicine 27 The Domestic Woollen Industry 39 Britain in Transition 42 The Agricultural Revolution 51 Silk Throwing by Water Power 54 Navigation and the Chronometer 56 The. Revolution in Iron 57 2 The Industrial Revolution 62 Revised by R Murray The Canals 67 The Roads 72 The Steam Engine 73 The Railways 76 Chemistry 82 3 Social Reforms in the Nineteenth Century 93 Revised by R Murray Evil Stale of the Towns 93 Social Consequences 103 Child Labour and Apprenticeship 106 Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 1802 116 The Ten Hours Movement 118 The Birth of Occupational Medicine in Britain 125viii Contents The Factory Act 1833 The Mines Act 1842 132 The Climbing Boys 138 The Truck Acts 143 The Sweating System I he Rise of Socialism 148 Trade Unions 151 Dreadful C'onditions in Many Trades 4 Health of the Worker in the Twentieth Century 156 Revised by R Murray The Progress of Science after 1830 156 The Medical Inspectorate of Factories 171 Notificartion of Occupational Diseases 176 The Development of Occupational Health 182 Medical Supervision in Industry 183 Occupational Health Nursing 187 Occupational Hygiene 188 Ergonomics 188 Disabled Persons 189 InternaTional Developments in Occupational Health 192 The European Economic Community 197 Occupational Health Services in Other Countries 200 Present Situation in Occupational Health 203 SECTION II OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY TAKING Edttors: WR Lee and RI McCalluM 5 The Occupational History ? 229 WR Lee and Rl McCallum Why is an Occupational History Taken? 229 Occupations as a Cause of or Contributor to Illness 229 Resettlement 235 SECTION 111 DISI ASUS ASSOCIATUD WITH CHEMICAL AGENTS Editor: Rl Mc Callum 6 Metals . ' 239 HA Watdron Introduction 239 Toxic versus Essential 239 Lead 240 Mercury 250 Cadmium 256 Arsenic Phosphorus 263 Aluminium Antimony 266 Beryllmm Chromium 272 Coball 275 Copper Manganese 277 Molybdenum 280 Nickel 280 Osmium Platinum Selenium Silver Tellurium 284 Thallium Tin 287 Tungsten Uranium 289 Vanadium 290 Zinc 291 Aromatic and Aliphatic Compounds 297 JR Jackson Introduction AromaTic Chemicals 298 Aliphatic Chemicals Epox?des, Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids and Anhydrides, Esters 315 Aldehydes, Kelones, Ethers and Acetals 321 Organophosphates, Carbamales, Cholinesterase Inhibition and Neurotoxicily Halogenated Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 347 Organic Sulphur Compounds 350 More Complex Sulphur Containing Molecules 352 Highly Complex Molecules 353 Solvents Gases 360 G Matthews Introduction Detinitions Industrial Use of Oxygen 361 Gas for the CitizenGases in Clinical Use 362 Transport of Gases 362 The Extent of Gassing Injuries 362 Physiological Effects and Actions of Gases 362 Principles of Prcvenlion 364 Principles of Treatment 364 Welding 371 The Semiconductor Industry 372 Classification of Toxic Gases 373 Acutely Severe Irritants or C'orrosives 374 Moderately Severe Irritants 388 Systeimcally Active Gases with Acute Elfecls 392 Systcmically Active Gases with Chronic Effects 399 Anaesthelically Active Gases 405 Inert Gases 410 SECTION IV DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL AGENTS Editor: WR Lee 9 Sound, Infrasound and Ultrasound 419 R Hinchcliffe Introduction 419 Psychoacoustics 422 Bioacoustics 423 Occupalion.il Acoustically Induced Aural Disorders 423 Occupational Noise Induced Hearing Loss (ONIHL.) 424 Infrasound 449 Ultrasound 450 Acoustic Trauma 451 Otic Blast Injury (OBI) 452 Behavioural Etfects of Sound 453 Conclusions 453 10 Vibration 460 MJ Griffin Introduction 460 Local Vibration 460 Whole Body Vibration 471 11 Cold and Heat 482 DE Worsley Introduction 482 Heat Equation 482 Basic Physiology 483 Climatic Elements 484 Principles of Management of Climatic Stress 492 Monitoring the Etfectiveness of Measures 494 Cold Stress 495 Heal Stress 511 12 Increased Barometric Pressure 523 Rl McCallum Introduction 523 Tunnelling 524 Diving 527 Physics and Physiology 529 Decompression 531 Legislation 544 Eitness for Hyperbaric Work 545 13 Reduced Barometric Pressure 548 P Howard Introduction 548 Mudes and Persians 548 The Consequences of Boyle's Law 549 Hypoxia Oxygen Lack 552 Hyperventilation 563 Decompression Sickness 564 14 lonizing Radiation 571 KP Duncan Introduction 571 External Radiation 573 Other Ellecls 576 Radiological Protection Principles 578 Medical Supervision of Radiation Workers 580 Measurement of Exposures 582 Statutory and Administrative Aspects 586 15 Non lonizing Radiation 589 DII Brennan Introduction 589 Biological Categorization of the Spectrum 589 Metrology ol Non lonizing Radiation 589 Ultraviolet Radiation 591 Visible Radiation 594 Acute Light Damage 596 Chronic Light Damage 601 xii Contents Infrared Radiation 604 Microwave Radiation 608 Mythological Hazards 609 16 Fxtremely Low Frequeey Electromagnetic Fields 612 BT Stollery Occupational Sources of ELF Exposure 612 Magnitudes of ELF Exposures 612 Biological Etlects of ELF F?elds 615 International Exposure Standards 618 17 Repeated Movements and Repealed Trauma 620 S Dalton and BL Hazleman Introduction 620 History 620 Terminology 621 Epidemiology 621 Aetiology 623 Pathophysiology 624 Clinical Features 625 Diaggosis and Investigation 627 Management and Prevention 628 Return to Work 630 Sol'1 Tissue Rheumatism in the Community 631 18 Inorganic Dusts 634 PC Elmes The Lung's Defences 634 The Pathogenesis of Inorganic Dust Diseases 636 Investigation and Diagnosis 637 Diseases Due to Nonlibrous Mineral Dusts 645 Quartz and Related Dust 645 Mixed Dust Containing Quart/ 653 Kaolin Pneumocomosis 657 Talc 660 The Micas and Vermicuhle 661 Dralomite (Kieselgur) 661 The Benlonites, Montmonllonitc, Fuller's Earth, Etc. 662 Gypsum, Plaster of Paris 663 Coalworkers' Pncumocomosis 663 Metal Dusts 669 Fibrous Mineral Dusts 672 Other Natural Fibres 685 Synthetic Mineral Fibres 686 19 Organic Dusts: Byssinosis CAC Pickering Prevalence Studies Pathology Palhogenesis Atopic Status and Bronchial Hyperreaclivily Morbidity and Mortality Clinical Features Investigations Prevention Conclusions 20 Organic Dusts: Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis AJ Newman Taylor Pathology Immunological Basis of Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis Clinical Features Diagnosis Management of Established Cases SECTION V DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH MICROBIOLOGICAL AGE.NTS Editor: WR Lee 21 Bacteria M Sussman Anthrax Brucellosis Erysipeloid of Rosenbach Tularaemia Q Fever Listeriosis l.eptospirosis Glanders Ornithosis (Psittacosis) Some Occupations and Their Hazards Laboratory Acquired Infections 22 Viruses M Sussman Hepatitis B (Scrum Hepatitis) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Herpetic Whitlow Simian Herpes (B Virus)xiv Contents Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (Shipyard Eye) 756 Louping HI (Ovine Encephalomyclitis) 756 Orf 757 Vesicular Stomatitis 757 Butcher's Warts 757 Milker's Nodules 758 Haemorrhagic Fevers 759 Rabies 760 Smallpox 760 Hazards for Health Care Professions 760 Laboratory Acquired Infections 761 Archaeological Hazards 761 23 Hazards in Biotechnology 764 DC Ellwood and CGT Evans Conventional Biotechnology 764 Genetic Manipulation 772 Health Monitoring 781 Large Scale Use of Genetically Manipulated Organisms 786 SECTION VI OCCUPATIONAL CANCER Editor: PAB Ruffle 24 Occupational Cancer 791 MR Alderson Introduction 791 Epidemiological Method 791 Statistical Method 796 Agents and Occupations Associated with Increased Risk of Cancer 798 Site , 827 The Percentage of Cancers from Occupation 835 SECTION VI1 OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA Editor:PAB Raffte 25 Occupational Asthma 863 DJ Hendrick. EH Walters and AG Bird Introduction 863 Historical Background 864 Pathophysiology 865 Relevance and Measurement of Bronchial Rcsponsivcness 874 Causative Agents 877 Epidemiology 884 Come Investigations Fate R?sk Factors Management Compensation Current Controversies SECTION VIII OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN Editor: PAB Raffte 26 Occupational Diseases of the Skin C'J Stevenson Occupational Skin Disorders in Clusters Occupational Skin Disorders Occurring Singly Occupational Dermaloses due to Parasites Dermatoses due to Physical Conditions Contact Urticaria (CD) Non lmmunological Contact Dermatitis (Irritant Contact Dermatitis) (N1CD) Immunological Contact Dermatitis (ICD) Patch Testing in the Investigation of Immunological Contact Dermatitis Major Industries Prone to Cause Dermatitis Prevention of Dermatitis Occupational Dermaloses other than Eczematous Dermatitis SECTION IX REPRODUCTION AND WORK Editor: WR Lee 27 Reproduction and Work EC McCloy Introduction Physiology Classification Risk Assessment Legal and Ethical IssuesLIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Dr P A B Raffle Formerly Chief Medical Officer, London Trans- OBE, MD, FRCP. FRCS. port. 3 King's Stile, Middleton Cheney, Ban- FFOM bury, Oxon Professor W R Lee Department of Occupational Health, Univers- MD. MSc, FRCP, FFOM ity of Manchester, Siopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester MI3 9PT Professor R I McCallum Institute of Occupational Medicine, Roxburgh MD. DSc. FRCP, FFOM Place, Edinburgh EH8 9SU Dr R Murray Department of Occupational Health, London PBE, BSc. FRCP. FFOM. School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, DTech Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT Dr H A Waldron University College Hospital, Gower Street, PhD. MD MRCP.FFOM London WCIE 6AU Dr J R Jackson Department of Medicine and Health Science. MB. ChB. LRCP. FRCS. Monsanto Europe SA/NV, Avenue dc Ter- D1H. MFOM vuren 270-272, B-II 50 Brussels, Belgium Dr G Matthews British Oxygen Company Ltd, The Surrey Re- MB. FRCP. FFOM search Park, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XY Professor R Hinhcliffe Institute of Laryngology and Otology, 330 MD, PhD. FRCP Grays Inn Road, London WCIX 8EE Dr M J Griffin Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, BSc. PhD Southampton University, Southampton SO9 5NH Brigadier D E Worsley (ret) Formerly Headquarters Army Medical Servi- MB. ChB. DTMaH. ces, Birch Grove. Chapel Lane, Pirbright, Sur- DPII. DII.FFCM, FFOM.rey Air Vice-Marshal P Howard Royal Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, OBE. MB. BS. PhD. Farnborough, Hants GUI4 6SZ FRCP. FFOM. FRAES Dr K P Duncan National Radiological Protection Board, Ch?l- CB. BSc. MB. ChB. FRCP. ton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 ORQ FRCPE. FFOM Dr D H Brennan Royal Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, MA, LMSSA. DO, AFOM Farnborough, Hants GUI4 6SZ  |
