Environmental Health Criteria 59
İÇİNDEKİLERPREFACE ..........SUMMARY OF THE REPORT . . . SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION ..... 1.1 Objective .................... 1.2 Definitions ................... 1.2.1 Infant and young child .......... 1.2.2 Chemical ................. 1.3 Physiological basis for concern . . ...... 1.3.1 Small site and large surface area in relation to weight . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 The higher metabolic rate and hence higher consumption of oxygen and intake of air per unit body weight in the infant compared with the adult .............. 1.3.3 Rapid growth ............... 1.3.4 Different body composition from adult . . . 1.3.5 Functional immaturity of the organs and systems of the body ............ 1.3.6 Breast milk, infant formulae, and water as sources of chemicals ........... 1.4 Applicability of data on experimental animals to human infants and young children ......... 1.4.1 Some similarities in growth and development between man and experimental animals . . . 1.4.2 Some differences in growth and development between man and experimental animals . . . 1.9 Conclusions ................... 7.. PATHWAYS OF EXPOSURE 2.1 Introduction ............ 1.1 The alimentary tract ........ 2.2.1 Milk ............ 2.2.1.1 Human milk . . . . . 2.2.1.2 Other typrn of milk 2.2.1.3 Infant feeds 2.2.1.4 Water . . . 2.3 The respiratory tract . . . 2.4 The skin .......... 2.5 Conclusions ........ 3. KINETICS OF ABSORPTION, BIOTRANSFORMATION, AND ELIMINATION .................. 3.1 Introduction ................ 3.2 Absorption ................. 3.2.1 Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract ................ 3.2.2 Absorption from the lungs ...... 3.3 Tissue distribution ............ 3.3.1 Binding of chemicals to proteins . . 3.3.2 Distribution within the body .... 3.4 Biotransformation of organic chemicals . . , 3.5 Elimination from the body ......... 3.5.1 Elimination by the kidneys ..... 3.5.2 Elimination by the liver ...... 3.5.3 Elimination by other routes ..... 3.6 Conclusions ................ 4. EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS IN THE BODY 4.1 Introduction .................. 4.2 Effects of chemicals on general growth and development .................. 4.3 Effects of chemicals on some organs and systems 4.3.1 Nervous system ............. 4.3.2 Kidneys ................. 4.3.3 Liver .................. 4.3.4 Lungs .................. 4.3.5 Haematopoietic system .......... 4.3.6 Immune system .............. 4.3.7 Endocrine system ............ 4.3.8 Skin .................. 4.3.9 Bones and teeth ............. 4.4 Careinogenesis ................. 4.5 Conclusions .................. MODIFYING FACTORS 5.1 Nutrition ........... 5.2 State of health ........ 5.3 Social and cultural way of life 5.4 Conclusion . . 6. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 7. RECOMMENDATIONS . . REFERENCES ...... APPENDIX I ...... 1. Introduction ................... 2. Assessment of the importance of chemicals in breast milk ....................... 2.1 Source of chemicals ............. 2.2 Chemicals within the mother's body and their secretion in milk .............. 2.3 Development and limits of methods for measuring chemicals in milk ......... 2.4 Risks to the infant ............. 2.5 Assessment of contamination of breast milk following maternal exposure ......... 2.5.1 Method of collection of breaat milk . . 1. Conclusions.................... REFERENCES TO APPENDIX I  |
