CHILD LABOUR IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENTSAbstract iv Acknowledgements vi List of Abbreviations vii Introduction 1 1. Child Labour 7 A. The History of Child Labour as a Challenge 8 B. The Definition of Child Labour 16 C. The Types of Child Labour 21 Intolerable, extreme or hazardous forms of child labour 26 D.The Extent of Child Labour 30 a. Gender 32 b. Regional 33 c. Rural/Urban 35 d. Type of Industry and Occupation 36 e. Hours and Earnings 39 f. Hazardous Child Labour 40 E. The Main Approaches to the Child Labour Issue 44 2. The Causes and Effects of Child Labour 52 A. The Causes of Child Labour 52 a. Demand for Child Labour 52 b.Supply of Child Labour 57 1.Structural and Socio-economic Determinants 57 ? Modes of Production: Situations and Transitions 57 ? Poverty and Household Income 60 ? Schooling 63 ? Unemployment 64 ? Immigration and Ethnicity 66 ? Technology 67 ? Consumerism 68 2. Cultural and Behavioural Aspects 70 ? Family Organization and Parental Attitudes to Children 71 ? Sex Roles 73 ? Decision-making 73 3. The Ecological Setting 74 B. The Effects of Child Labour 75 a.The Individual Effects of Child Labour 75 ? The Abuse of Dignity 76 Slavery and Similar Practices 76 Child Prostitution, Pornography and Trafficking 79 Other Illegitimate Child Activities 83 ? Inferior Working Conditions and Lack of Social Protection 85 ? Health,Physical Development and Mortality 90 ? Psychosocial and Moral Risks 98 ? Education and Intellectual Development 102 ? Socialisation as a Positive Psychological Effect 104b. Societal Effects of Child Labour 105 ? Poverty and Socio-Economic Inequality 105 ? Demographic Behaviour 106 ? Unemployment and Labour Force Structure 107 ? Technology 108 ? Social Attitudes and Cultural Responses 108 3. Extent of Child Labour as a Global Issue 109 A. Globalization and Child Labour 110 a. General Outlook to Globalization 110 b. Child Labour in the Globalized Economy 117 B. Global Governance and Child Labour 135 a. An Overview of Global Governance, International Law and Global Justice 135 b. Child Labour as an Issue of Global Governance and Its Place in the International Law 148 4. Meeting The Challenge 160 A. International Regime on Child Labour 160 1. The International Definition of Child Labour 160 2. The International Legal Framework 163 a. Child Labour in International Labour and Human Rights Law 164 A. ILO Conventions and Recommendations 166 B. ILO Resolutions Declarations and Conclusions 175 C. ILO Mechanism of Enforcement 175 D. Other International Treaties 178 b.Child Labour in International Trade and Investment Law 183 A. The GATT/WTO Framework 184 B. Linking International Trade with Labour Standards 186 C. Government Initiatives at National Level 188 D. Intergovernmental Initiatives at Regional Level 190 E Investment: Regional and Bilateral Treaties 192 B. Market Based Schemes 192 1. Codes of Conduct 193 2. Social Labelling 194 3. Examples on Social Labelling and Codes of Conduct 198 C. International Cooperation 200 1. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour(IPEC) 201 2. General Achievements of IPEC 205 3. A Model International Cooperation: Soccer Ball Industry in Pakistan 209 5. Child Labour in Turkey 213 A. Socio-economic Indicators 215 1. Demographic Indicators 215 2. Economic Indicators 218 3. Health 219 4. Education 220 B. Child Labour Situation in Turkey with Figures 222 C. General Picture of Child Labour in Turkey D. Legal Aspects of Child Labour in Turkey 2341. Turkish Legislation on Child Labour 235 a. Labour Act No. 1475 236 b. Apprentices and Vocational Training Act No. 3308 238 c. General Health Care Act No. No. 1593 242 d. Primary Education and Training Act No. 222 243 e. Additional Legislation Covering Child Labour in Turkey 244 2. International Agreements Concerning Child Labour to which Turkey is a State Party 244 a. ILO Convention and Recommendations 244 b. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 247 c. European Social Charter 249 d. Council Directive 1994/33 of the European Union 250 3. Essential Amendments to Turkish Regulations on Child Labour 250 E. ILO-IPEC Activities in Turkey 253 Conclusion 262 Bibliography 266 Table 1: Minimum Ages in Accordance with ILO Convention No. 138 17 Table 2: Distribution of Economically Active Children in Developing Countries 34 Table 3. Economic Activity Participation Rate of Children in Developing Countries 34 Table 4: Distribution of Injuries and Illnesses 41 Table 5: Some Indicators of the Extent of Child Labour 43 Table 6: Child Labour: Aggregate and Distribution 122 Table 7: Participation Rates for Children 123 Table 8: Economically Active Children in 26 Countries by Industry 127 Table 9: Economically Active Children in 26 Countries by Occupation 127 Table 10: School Permanence Levels of Children in Turkey 222 Table 11. The State of Employment and Schooling of Children in Turkey 225 Table 12 Children Employed in Economic Activities 226 Table 13. Children Employed in Economic Activity by Reason 227 Table 14 Total Number of IPEC Projects in Turkey 255 Box 1. Top Hazardous Industries and Occupations Prohibited by National Legislation on Child Labour 27 Box 2: Non-pecuniary Advantages for Hiring Child Labourers 56 Box.3. The ILO-IPEC Donors 203 Box 4: Participators of IPEC 204 Figure 1.Economically Active Children in 26 Countries, by Industry and sex 3 7 Figure 2: Economically Active Children in 26 Countries, by Occupation and Sex 38 Figure 3: Distribution of Injuries/Diseases by Industry and Sex 93 Figure 4 Population Pyramid of Turkey by Sex and Age 216 NOTLARMarmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Siyaset Bilim ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Ana Blim Dalı İngilizce Uluslararası İlişkiler Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi |
