BY THE SWEAT TOIL OF CHILDREN
İÇİNDEKİLERTable of ContentsExecutive Summary ...................................... .i I. Introduction A. Overview ....................................... .1 B. International Standards on Child Labor .................. .2 C. Recent International Developments on Child Labor ......... .3 D. Initiatives to Combat Child Labor ...................... .7 1. Child Labor Law and Enforcement .................. .8 2. Education Initiatives ............................ .8 3. Targeted Efforts to Combat Child Labor .............. .8 E. Methodology .................................... .9 1. Public Hearings ............................... .9 2. Field Visits ................................. .10 3. Other Reports and Materials ..................... .10 II. Child Labor: An Assessment of the Problem A. Overview ...................................... .11 B. Background ..................................... .11 C. Country Data on Child Labor ........................ .13 D. Children in Hazardous Work ........................ .17 1. Agriculture ................................. .17 2. Fishing .................................... .21 3. Manufacturing ............................... .22 4. Mining and Quarrying ......................... .26 5. Services ................................... .28 a. Domestic Workers .......................... .28 b. Commercial Sex Workers ..................... .31 c. Other Forms of Child Labor in the Service Sector .... .33 III. Legislation and Enforcement Efforts A. Overview ...................................... .37 B. Current Child Labor Laws .......................... .37 1. Ages ...................................... .38 2. Coverage .................................. .41 3. Regulation of Working Minors .................... .44 4. Fines ..................................... .45 C. Current Enforcement of Child Labor Laws ............... .47 1. Enforcement Strategies .......................... .47 2. Obstacles to Effective Enforcement ................ .48 D. Efforts to Strengthen Laws and Enforcement ............. .51 1. Legislation .................................. .51 2. Implementation and Enforcement ................. .52IV. Access to Primary Education A. Overview ...................................... .55 B. Education Laws and Policies ........................ .56 1. Education and Child Labor Laws .................. .59 C. Education Data .................................. .60 1. Educational Attainment ......................... .60 2. Expenditures on Education ...................... .63 D. Factors Limiting Attainment of Primary Education .......... .66 1. Work and Schooling ........................... .67 2. Lack of Educational Infrastructure and Services ........ .68 3. Education in Rural Areas ........................ .69 4. Gender and Ethnicity Issues ..................... .70 E. Education Initiatives ............................... .71 1. Improvements in Educational Infrastructure and Services . .72 2. Alternative Education for Working Children ........... .73 a. Back-to-School Programs ..................... .74 b. Flexible Schedules ......................... .75 3. Economic Incentives .......................... .77 a. Meals for Children .......................... .77 b. Food Distribution to Families .................. .78 c. School Vouchers ........................... .78 d. Cash Stipends ............................. .79 V. Targeted Initiatives to Combat Child Labor A. Overview ...................................... .83 B. Industry or Sector-Specific Initiatives ................... .84 1. Agriculture ................................. .85 2. Manufacturing and Quarrying .................... .89 3. Services .................................... .95 C. Multi-Sector Initiatives ............................. .101 D. Summary Comments ............................. .108 VI. Conclusion A. Child Labor in the World ........................... .109 B. The Importance of Reliable Child Labor Data ............ .110 C. Enactment and Enforcement of Child Labor Laws ......... .110 D. Access to Universal Primary Education .................112 E. Targeted Child Labor Initiatives ...................... .114 F. Final Comments ..................................115VII. Appendices Appendix A: Site Visits . .......................... .117 Appendix B: Child Labor Data Methodology and Sources . . .143 Appendix C: Examples of Where Children Work ......... .164 Appendix D: Relevant Child Labor Provisions ........... .167 Appendix E: ILO Convention No. 138 ................ .201 Appendix F: UN Convention on the Rights of the Child .... .209 V111. Country Index .................................... .229 Tables and Boxes Box 1-1: International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor ........................... .4 Table 11-1: Child Labor Data ....................... .14 Table HI-1: Minimum Ages for Work ................ .39 Table IV-1: Compulsory Education and Minimum Working Age ........................ .57 Table 1V-2: Educational Attainment Indicators .......... .61 Table 1V-3: Educational Financial Indicators ........... .64 Box V-1: IPEC Members ....................... .84 Box V-2: Raising Public Awareness of Child Labor ..... .85 Table B-1: Egypt: Census and Labor Force Sample Surveys .150 Table B-2: Peru: Economically Active Children ........ .157 Table D-1: ILO Conventions.. ..................... .167  |
