Social security for the excluded majority
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements Glossary of abbreviations Chapter 1: Overcoming social exclusion (Wouter van Ginneken) 1. Introducing the concepts and the case-study countries 2. Reasons for exclusion 2.1 The impact of structural adjustment 2.2 Social security priorities: Health, pensions and education 2.3 Contributory capacity: Low, irregular and unreliable 2.4 Legal restrictions 2.5 Administrative bottlenecks 3. Extension and reform of statutory social insurance 3.1 Extending existing social insurance schemes 3.2 Reforming pension schemes 3.3 Health insurance reform 3.4 Extending statutory social insurance 4. Promoting contributory schemes 4.1 Indigenous social security arrangements 4.2 Health insurance 4.3 Pensions 4.4 A preliminary assessment 5. Cost-effective social assistance 6. The need for experimentation 6.1 The core benefits: Health, pensions and education 6.2 Area-, occupation- and gender-based social insurance schemes 6.3 Galvanizing the social security partners into action 7. Conclusions References Chapter 2: Basic social security in India (Shashi Jain) 1.Status of human development 2. Statutory social security 2.1 The ESI scheme 2.2 Employees' Provident Fund (and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1952 2.3 Workmen's compensation, gratuity and maternity benefits 2.4 Extending statutory social protection 2.5 Welfare funds and group insurance schemes 2.6 State legislation and action 3. Social assistance. 3.1 The National Social Assistance Programme 3.2 Group insurance schemes 4. Self-financed social insurance 4.1 Examples of NGO schemes 4.2 Assessing the NGO schemes 4.3 The case for self-financed health insurance 5. Options for the future References Chapter 3: Extending the coverage of social security protection in China (Xiaoyi Hu,Renhua Cai and Xu Zhai) ... 1. Social health insurance 1.1 Health insurance for urban employees. 1.2 Health protection for rural residents 1.3 Some policy issues 2. Social assistance 2.1 Social assistance in urban areas 2.2 Social assistance in rural areas 3. Extending pension insurance 3.1 Pension insurance for the urban sector 3.2 Pension insurance in rural areas. 4. Conclusions 4.1 Main obstacles 4.2 Extending coverage to non-public enterprises. 4.3 The importance of coordination 4.4 The role of trade unions and NGOs References Chapter 4: Extension of formal social security schemes in the United Republic of Tanzania (Peter Kamuzora) 1. Existing social security arrangements 1.1 The statutory social security schemes 1.2 Private social security arrangements 1.3 Nature of social security benefits 1.4 Sources of contribution 2. The social protection needs of workers 3. Obstacles to extension of formal social security schemes . 3.1 Policy and legal obstacles to extension 3.2 Unreliability of informal sector income: A constraint to extension 3.3 Organizational obstacles 3.4 Obstacle of poor mobilization 4. Three areas for reform 5. Conclusion References Appendix1.Questionnaire for the 1995 Dar es Salaam Informal Sector Survey Appendix 2. Questionnaire for formal sector workers Chapter 5: Health insurance for the informal sector in the Unite Republic of Tanzania(Angwara Denis Kiwara) 1. Poverty, health and social security coverage 1.1 Trends in poverty and health indicators 1.2 Coverage by existing social security arrangements2. Declining access to basic health services 2.1 Declining public health expenditure 2.2 National health policies and strategies. . . 3. The promotion of self-financed health insurance . 3.1 The UMASIDA health insurance scheme 3.2 The Igunga Community Health Fund . 4. Concluding remarks References Chapter 6: Basic social security in El Salvador (Ruth de Solorzano and Victor Ramirez) Introduction 1. Trends in poverty, education and health 2. Formal social security: Structure and coverage 2.1 Structure of formal social security 2.2 Formal social security coverage 3. Health-care delivery. 3.1 Government-financed health services 3.2 The three health-care markets 3.3 Productivity in health-care delivery in the ISSS and the MOH 4. Pension reform and possibilities for extension 4.1 Outline of the pension reform 4.2 Opportunities and obstacles to greater coverage . 5. Towards the self-financing of social security in the informal sector 5.1 Social security needs and contributory capacity of the informal sector 5.2 The savings and loans cooperative for market women in Santa Ana 5.3 The Maquilishuat Foundation 5.4 Promoting self-financing 6. Conclusions References Chapter 7: Social security for the informal sector in Benin (Bernardin Gauthe) 1. Existing social security arrangements 1.1 Formal social security coverage 1.2 Social assistance 2. Social security and the informal sector 2.1 The informal sector: Concepts and trends . . . 2.2 Self-financing schemes 2.3 Social security needs 3. Health protection 3.1 Access to health care 3.2 The Pahou experience: CREDESA 3.3 The potential scope of medical insurance . . . 4. Conclusions References Chapter 8: Policy recommendation (Wouter van Ginneken) 1. Promoting contributory schemes 1.1 Health insurance 1.2 Life and disability insurance 1.3 Special government-supported schemes 1.4 Extension and replication. 2. Fostering cost-effective social assistance 3. Extending and reforming statutory social insurance schemes 4. The role of the social security partners 4.1 The Government 4.2 The social partners 4.3 Insurance companies and social security agencies . . 4.4 Non-governmental organizations 5. The role of the ILO 5.1 Research and experimentation 5.2 Technical assistance 5.3 Standard setting Index List of tables 1.1 Economic and quality of life indicators, selected (groups of) countries, mid-1990s 1.2 Contributions to statutory social insurance (in percentages of earnings and/or payroll), selected countries, 1997 1.3 Health indicators, selected (groups of) countries, mid-1990s 1.4 Two ends of the health cost risk-sharing spectrum 1.5 The impact of the organizational base on contributory social insurance schemes 2.1 Population below the poverty line, India, 1973/74-1993/94 2.2 Some basic health status indicators, India, 1993 2.3 Group insurance schemes under implementation, Gujarat State, 1995-96. 3.1 Total number of employees, and percentage located in urban area China, 1986-95 3.2 Workers' pension insurance coverage, by type of urban enterprise. China, 1995 3.3 Ratio of active employees to each retired employee, China, 1979-95 4.1 Coverage of the workforce by private social security arrangement: Dar es Salaam, 1995 (percentages) 4.2 Coverage of informal sector operators by private sector insurance benefits, Dar es Salaam, 1995 (percentages). 4.3 Coverage of informal sector operators by private social security arrangements, Dar es Salaam, 1995 (percentages) 4.4 Social protection needs of workers in four companies, Dar es Salaam, 1997 4.5 Percentage of informal sector operators interested in joining social protection schemes, Dar es Salaam, 1995 4.6 Desired benefits for informal sector operators, Dar es Salaam, 1995 4.7 Supplementary income opportunities for categories of informal sector workers, Dar es Salaam, 1995 (percentages) 4.8 How informal sector operators would fund large medical expenses and long-term sickness and how they provide for old age, Dar es Salaam, 1995 (percentages) 4.9 Main reasons why informal sector workers did not join the NPF scheme, Dar es Salaam, 1995 (percentages) 4.10 Improvements in NPF schemes suggested by formal sector workers, Dar es Salaam, 1997 (percentages) 5.1 Trends in poverty and health indicators, United Republic of Tanzania,1980-1995 5.2 Public health expenditure, United Republic of Tanzania, 1970/71-1993/94 5.3 Allocation of development expenditure, United Republic of Tanzania, 1984/85-1994/95 (percentages) 5.4 Performance of the Health for All Plan (1981-2000), United Republic of Tanzania, by 1990-96 5.5 The main features of the UMASIDA and Igunga schemes, United Republic of Tanzania 6.1 Households in absolute and relative poverty, El Salvador, 1994-95 (percentages) 6.2 Percentage of persons with diarrhoea, El Salvador, 1994 6.3 Coverage of the population by formal social security schemes, El Salvador, 1996 6.4 Curative treatment by provider, El Salvador, 1994 (percentages) 6.5 Average productivity in consultations per hour, El Salvador, 1994 6.6 Daily hospitalization costs, El Salvador, 1994 6.7 Other health service costs, El Salvador, 1994. 7.1 Distribution of median expenses in CFA francs for a period of illness, by type of treatment and socio-economic group, Pahou-Benin, 1990  |
