Credit Unions and The Poverty Challenge
İÇİNDEKİLERContents Foreword Acknowledgements Acronyms Exchange rates Glossary 1. Introduction: Background and issues (Bernd Balkenhol) I. Practical and theoretical relevance of credit unions II Access by the poor to credit unions III Credit union capital IV. Findings, conclusions and options for support strategies A. Capacity to raise internal resources B. Quality of the loan portfolio C. Balance of power between the different levels of credit unions D. Financial performance E. Loan terms and conditions: Interest rates F. Growth G Performance Notes Bibliography 2. On the theory of credit unions (Jan Krahnen and Reinhard Schmidt) I. Introduction and outline of the main issues A. Objectives of the study B. The main issues C. How the issues are interrelated II. Theory and practice of credit unions A. How credit unions develop B. Problems of measuring the performance of credit unionsIII. Fundamental considerations regarding equity capital and on-lending A. The role of equity capital for a credit union B. The role of on-lending for the development of a credit union IV. Conclusion Bibliography Using credit unions as on-lending agents for external lines of credit: The experience of the international credit union movement (Kelly Morris) I. Background A. The World Council of Credit Unions B. Credit union operating principles C. Member ownership D. Strategies for growth n. Problem definition A. External lines of credit B. Some causes of unsatisfactory experiences C. Successful experiences D. Refining the problem definition III. Case summaries A. Benin B. Togo C. Other cases IV. Conclusions Notes Using credit unions as conduits for micro-enterprise lending: Latin American insights (Dale Adams) I. Introduction n. Historical background A. Credit unions B. Credit unions as conduits C. Micro-enterprise credit III. Strengths and weaknesses of credit unions A. Strengths B. The agency problem C. Transaction cost problems D. Prudential regulation IV. Credit unions in Latin America V. Conclusions Notes Bibliography5. Csedit unions as on-lending agents in the Dominican Republic (Jeffrey Poyo) I. Introduction II. Credit union development in the Dominican Republic HI. Financial markets IV. Institutional strengthening of rural credit unions A. Background B. Market-based development C. Technical assistance and training D. Deposit mobilization E. Credit services F. Pricing strategies V. Political economy and ownership structure of credit unions VI. Financial performance of credit unions VII. Second-tier cooperative organizations VIII. Regulation and prudential supervision I . Conclusions Notes 6. Credit unions as channels for microcredit lines: The Philippine case (Maria B. Lamberte) I. Introduction II. Overview of the financial system A. Composition of the sector B. Major government financial policies III. Special credit programmes and non-bank credit conduits A. The Tulong Sa Tao Self-Employment Loan Assistance Programme B. The Development Assistance Programme for Cooperatives and People's Organizations IV. Access to external sources of funds and the performance of credit unions A. The sample credit unions B. Methods of data analysis C. Economic status of members of credit unions D. Performance of credit unions, 1990-92 V. Summary and concluding remarks Notes Bibliography The performance of the Lesotho credit union movement: Internal financing and external capital inflow (Pete Sparreboom) I. Introduction II. Methodology III. The macroeconomic environment IV. Financial institutions The formal financial sector The informal financial sector V. Performance of the credit union movement, 1985-91 Target group orientation and viability of the movement Target group orientation and viability of the sample Conclusion VI. Projects channelled through the credit union movement Support by USAID Conclusion VII. External capital inflow and performance Ability to mobilize funds Quality of the credit portfolio Importance of higher-level organization Conclusion VIII. Internal financing and performance Solidarity Redeemability Equality IX Conclusions Notes Bibliography Conclusions (Bernd Balkenhol) I. Background II. Not all credit unions are alike III. Funds for on-lending versus strengthening credit union structures IV. Critical membership size V. Strategies for outreach to the poor VI. Roles and responsibilities of the international community and the ILO Notes BibliographyFigures 3.1 Credit union members worldwide, 1972-92 3.2 Savings versus loans with credit unions worldwide, 1972-92 7.1 Average share value as a proportion of total balance sheet in sample credit unions, 1985-91 7.2 Average reserves as a proportion of total balance sheet in sample credit unions, 1985-91 Tables 1.1 Comparison of instruments of capital formation for credit unions 3.1 Credit union movement penetration rates around the world, 1992 5.1 Growth statistics of credit unions in the Dominican Republic, 1972-92 5.2 Macroeconomic indicators for the Dominican Republic, 1984-93 5.3 Dominican Republic: Deposit mobilization of rural credit unions, 1984-93 5.4 Credit unions in the Rural Financial Services Project affiliated to AIRAC, average monthly financial ratios and monthly averages, 1992 5.5 Asociacion de Instituciones Rurales de Ahorro y Credito (AIRAC): Comparative balance sheets, 1992-93 5.6 Asociacion de Instituciones Rurales de Ahorro y Credito (AIRAC): Comparative income and expense statements, 1992-93 6.1 Assets of the domestic financial sector, Philippines, 1986-92 6.2 Distribution of assets of the financial sector, Philippines, 1986-92 6.3 Past due ratios of loans of the banking system, 1986-92 6.4 TST-SELA/NGO-MCP approvals by region, as of 31 December 1993 6.5 Accomplishment report for the Development Assistance Programme for Cooperatives and People's Organizations (DAPCOPO), by federation, as of 31 December 1993 6.6 Credit unions with approved loans from TST-SELA, 1988-93 6.7 Indicators of the size of credit unions, 1990-92 6.8 Outstanding loans payable/borrowings, 1990-92 6.9 Savings deposits, 1990-92 6.10 Share capital, 1990-92 6.11 Reserve funds, 1990-92 6.12 Outstanding loans, 1990-92 6.13 Indicators of profitability, 1990-92 614 Rates of return on total assets by type of commercial bank, 1986-90 6.15 Past due loans, 1992 6.16 Past due loan ratios of the banking system by type of bank, 1990-92 7.1 Growth of the credit union movement, Lesotho, 1968-92 7.2 LCCUL balance sheet at 31 December 1992 7.3 LCCUL profit and loss statement, 1992 7.4 Support of USAID to the LCCUL, 1971-89 7.5 Other dated support to the LCCUL, 1972-91 7.6 Undated donor support to credit unions and the LCCUL, 1981-88  |
