DDT and its Derivatives
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENTSENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR DDT AND ITS DERIVATIVES 1. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES 1.1 Summary 1.1.1 Properties and analytical methods 1.1.2 Production and uses 1.1.3 Environmental concentrations and exposures 1.1.4 Metabolism 1.1.5 Experimental studies of the effects of DDT . 1.1.6 Clinical and epidemiological studies on the effects of DDT 1.1.7 Dosage-effect relationships 1.1.8 Evaluation of risk 1.2 Recommendations for further studies 1.2.1 Fate in the environment 1.2.2 Monitoring of exposure and effects . 1.2.3 Carcinogenicity 1.2.4 Mutagenicity 2. PROPERTIES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.1 Physical and chemical properties of DDT and certain related compounds 2.1.1 Properties of DDT 2.1.2 Properties of DDT analogues . 2.1.3 Formulations of commercial or technical DDT 2.2 Analytical procedures 2.2.1 Statistical criteria for assessing analytical methods 2.2.2 Limit of analytical detection 2.2.3 Confirmation of the identity of trace residues of DDT-type compounds 2.2.4 Sampling and extraction 2.2.5 Clean-up procedures 2.2.6 Quantification 2.2.6.1 Determination of DDT-type compounds 2.2.6.2 Determination of p,p'-DDA in urine 2.2.6.3 Method of reporting results 2.2.7 Validation of analytical methods for DDT type compounds . . . . 2.2.8 Analytical methods for the evaluation of the biochemical effects of p.p'-DDT and its analogues 3. SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 3.1 Discovery and introduction 3.2 Production and use 3.3 Changing patterns of use 4. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION . . 4.1 Local drift in air 4.2 Distant drift in air .................. 4.3 Distribution in water 4.4 Bioaccumulation of DDT and its degradation in the environment 5. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE LEVELS . . 5.1 Exposure of the general population 5.1.1 DDT in air 5.1.2 DDT in water 5.1.3 DDT in food 5.1.4 Miscellaneous sources 5.1.5 Relative importance of different sources 5.2 Exposure of infants and young children . . . 5.3 Occupational exposure 6. METABOLISM OF DDT 6.1 Uptake 6.1.1 Uptake by inhalation 6.1.2 Uptake from the gastrointestinal tract 6.1.3 Uptake from the skin 6.2 Distribution and storage 6.2.1 Human studies 6.2.1.1 Studies of volunteers 6.2.1.2 Studies of occupationally exposed workers 6.2.1.3 Studies of the general population 6.2.2 Animal studies 6.3 Elimination 6.3.1 Human studies 6.3.1.1 Studies of volunteers 6.3.1.2 Studies of occupationally exposed workers 6.3.1.3 Studies of the general population . . . 6.3.2 Animal studies 6.4 Biotransformation 7. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF DDT 7.1 Animal studies 7.1.1 Haemopoietic system and immunology 7.1.2 Nervous system and behaviour 7.1.2.1 Causeof death 7.1.2.2 Treatment of poisoning in animals . . . 7.1.3 Renal system . 7.1.4 Gastrointestinal trait,liver, and enzymes 7.1.4.1 Liver 7.1.4.2 Microsomal enzymes of the liver 7.1.4.3 Enzymes of intermediary metabolism . . 7.1.5 Cardiovascular system 7.1.6 Respiratory system 7.1.7 Reproductive system 7.1.8 Endocrine organs 7.1.9 Carcinogenicity 7.1.10 Mutagenicity 7.1.11 Teratogenicity 7.2 Acquisition of tolerance to DDT 7.3 Factors influencing DDT toxicity 7.3.1 Dosage-effect 7.3.1.1 Dosage-effect of DDT 7.3.1.2 Dosage-effect of metabolites and o,p'-DDT 7.3.2 Age and sex 7.3.3 Nutrition 7.3.4 Species 7.3.5 Other factors 7.4 Human studies 8. EFFECTS OF DDT ON MAN: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES 8.1 Retrospective studies of DDT-exposed populations 8.1.1 Epidemiological surveillance of persons occupationally exposed to DDT 8.1.2 Epidemiology of DDT poisoning in the general population: accidents and suicides 8.1.3 Epidemiology of DDT poisoning in infants and young children . . . 8.2 Clinical and epidemiological studies of the effects of DDT on specific organs and systems 8.2.1 Haemopoietic system and immunology 8.2.2 Nervous system 8.2.3 Renal system 8.2.4 Gastrointestinal system 8.2.5 Liver 8.2.5.1 Liver enzymes 8.2.5.2 Other biochemical observations 8.2.6 Cardiovascular system 8.2.7 Reproduction 8.2.8 Endocrine organs 8.2.9 Carcinogenicity 8.2.10 Mutagenicity 8.3 Factors influencing DDT toxicity 8.4 Treatment of poisoning in man 9. EVALUATION OF HEALTH RISKS TO MAN FROM EXPOSURE TO DDT AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 9.1 Relative contributions of food, water, air, and miscellaneous sources to total intake 9.1.1 Adult members of the general population 9.1.2 Infants and children 9.1.3 Occupational groups 9.2 Effects of exposure 9.3 Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity 9.4 Effects on microsomal enzymes 9.5 Reproduction and teratogenicity 9.6 Immunosuppression 9.7 Nutritional effects and other factors 9.8 Dosage-effect relationships 9.9 Recommendations on levels of exposure REFERENCES ANNEX REFERENCES NOTLAREnvironmental Health Criteria 9 |
