The Work Of Strangers :A survey of international labour migration
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENTSForeword. Part 1: The global picture 1. A shifting landscape 2. Ancient paths The slave trade Indentured labour Mass emigration from Europe European migration after the Second World War Postwar migration to the traditional countries of settlement Other major postwar population movements 3. Why people move Disparities between rich and poor countries . Population imbalances Development disruptioN Links between sending and receiving countries Mass communications Family strategies The migrant network Recruitment Professionals on the move 4. Costs and benefits The population effect Immigrant educational and skill levels . . . Employment and unemployment Costs to public services and welfare payments Capital transfer The work of strangers: A survey of international labour migration 5. Nations, citizens and immigrants Citizenship Naturalization The rights of immigrants 6. Living together Integration - assimilation and multiculturalism Race Religion Language Education Settlement and housing 7. Working together Occupations Earnings Recruitment Training and promotion . . . Recognition of qualifications . Dismissal and unemployment Youth Women Immigrant entrepreneurs . , 8. The country left behind Employment The brain drain . . . Remittances Women Social structure . . . 9. Defending the borders National mythology and racial exclusion. Economic influences Refugees Illegal immigrants 10. Reducing the pressure. . International trade . . . Foreign direct investment The aid alternative . . . Part II: Country experience 11. The main countries of settlement: The United States, Canada and Australia The United States Canada Australia 12. Western Europe . . Germany. France The United Kingdom Switzerland Belgium The Netherlands . . Italy. Spain 13. Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union The potential flows Republics of the former Soviet Union. Poland. Other countries of Eastern Europe 14. Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina Brazil Venezuela . . . Central America . The Caribbean . 15. Sub-Saharan Africa. West Africa Central Africa. . East Africa Southern Africa . . 16. The Gulf States Phases of immigration. Sources of labour Contracts and working conditions The work of strangers: A survey of international labour migration 17. Asia. Japan Singapore Hong Kong Taiwan (China) Republic of Korea Malaysia Flows of skilled workers Appendix: The global economic migration table Bibliography Index Box 1.1 Five major types of international migrant Figures 2.1 Europe, migration 1846-1924 3.1 The demographic transition 4.1 Total fertility rates for nationals and foreigners, selected OECD countries 4.2 Turkish women, fertility rates in three host countries, 1976-85 . . 4.3 United States, educational levels, 1989 6.1 United States, English-speaking ability, 1990 ......... 6.2 United States, distribution of the foreign-born population, 1990 . 7.1 United States, occupations of illegal immigrants, 1987-92 7.2 Australia, employment by occupation, 1990 7.3 Foreign-born people as a percentage of all unemployed, four OECD countries, 1986-90 7.4 United Kingdom, education of Whites and minorities, 1988-90 . . 7.5 Germany, Turkish enterprises in Berlin, 1981-85. 8.1 The Philippines, unemployment and emigration, 1980-90 8.2 Pakistan, construction workers' wages, 1970-83 8.3 United States, immigration of highly educated Asians, 1972-85 . . 8.4 Global remittance credits, 1980-89 8.5 Use of remittances, Bangladesh and Thailand 8.6 Mexico, community needs perceived by migrants and non-migrants 9.1 Asylum applications, Canada, the United States and Western Europe, 1983-92 . 9.2 United States, family reunification 11.1 United States, immigration 1820-1992. 11.2 United States, immigration by region of last residence, 1951-60 to 1981-90 11.3 Canada, gross immigration and emigration, 1870-1990 . . . . . 11.4 Canada, sources of immigrants, 1901-90 . 11.5 Australia, permanent arrivals, departures and net gain, 1947-92. . 11.6 Australia, foreign-born population by birthplace, 1901-86 . . . . 12.1 France, foreign population, 1851-1990 12.2 United Kingdom, net immigration, 1982-91 12.3 Switzerland, economic growth and immigration, 1959-91 12.4 Belgium, nationality of major foreign groups, 1961-90 12.5 Netherlands, foreign born and descendants by current nationality, 1991 12.6 Italy, residence permits granted to foreigners, 1980-90 12.7 Spain, registered foreigners, 1980 and 1991, 13.1 Eastern Europe, wage gaps with the West, 1990 . 14.1 Brazil, largest foreign-born groups, 1980. 15.1 Sub-Saharan Africa, principal sending and receiving countries . . 16.1 Asia to the Middle East, annual flows of migrants, 1975-89 . . . 17.1 East Asian receiving countries and areas, foreign population, 1990 17.2 Japan, net annual inflow of foreign nationals, 1975-90 17.3 Japan, illegal workers2occupations, 1989 17.4 Singapore, foreign workers and total levy, 1983-89 17.5 Hong Kong, legal and illegal immigration from China, 1970-90 . . 17.6 Taiwan (China), overstayed visitors, 1990 17.7 Republic of Korea, emigration, 1977-90 Tables 2.1 Emigration from Europe to the United States in the nineteenth century 3.1 Projected increase in workforce by region, 1990-2000. 4.1 The world's 20 "oldest" countries, 1992 4.2 United States, the impact of immigrants on native earnings . . 5.1 Naturalizations in selected OECD countries, 1988-90. 6.1 Canada, home languages, 1991 8.1 Jamaica, loss of health personnel,1978-85 8.2 Workers'remittances in selected countries, 1980-89 8.3 Thailand, migrant and non-migrant households 9.1 Amnesties for illegal immigrants, selected countries and areas . 10.1 Employment in foreign-based multinationals, selected countries 11.1 United States, sources and destinations of immigrants, 1991 . . 11.2 United States, largest ancestry groups, 1990 The work of strangers: A survey of international labour migration 11.3 Canada, entry by immigration class, 1988-92 11.4 Canada, sources of immigrants, 1992 11.5 Australia, settler arrivals, 1991-92 11.6 Australia, top ten source countries or areas of birth, 1991-92 . . 12.1 Foreign resident population in Western Europe, 1950-90 . . . 12.2 Sources of foreign residents in selected Western European countries, 1990 12.3 Asylum applications in the main receiving countries in Europe, 1983-92 12.4 Ethnic Germans migrating to Germany, 1988-91 12.5 United Kingdom, ethnic minorities, 1981-90 12.6 Netherlands, immigration of aliens, 1991 13.1 Distribution of ethnic groups in republics of the former Soviet Union, 1989 Census 13.2 Russian Federation, international migration, January-June 1992 14.1 Latin America and the Caribbean, immigrant and emigrant stocks, 1950-85 14.2 Argentina, employment of immigrants from Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay, 1980 14.3 Venezuela, foreign-born population, 1971 and 1981 15.1 Sub-Saharan Africa, foreign-born populations 16.1 Immigrant workers in the Gulf, 1975-90 17.1 Japan, registered foreign population, 1989 .  |
