Working Women In Socialist Countries: The Fertility Connection
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENTSPreface 1. Comparative survey(Richard Anker) . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . .. . Female labour force participation rates Female labour reserve as a source of labour force growth ' Sexual division of labour Sex differentials in income Reasons for women working The "double shift" and the sexual division of household labour Fertility differentials . . . Concentration and shift in the distribution of fertility The exception of the Uzbek SSR . . Fertility-labour force link Have population and social policies affected fertility rates? Size and scope of programmes and policies . Bibliography 2. Hungary (Barnabas Barta, Andras Klinger, Karoly Miltenyi and Gyorgy Vukovich) Female labour force participation and fertility in Hungary Female labour force participation Levels of fertility Factors affecting fertility Standard of living of families with children Women's status Women's labour force participation . Education Urbanisation Infant and child mortality Population policy ............ The effect of female labour force participation on the family . . . Working women in socialist countries Marriage rate and age of marriage Divorce Time budget of women Conclusion Bibliography 3. Bulgaria (Velitchko Dobrianov, Atanas Atanasov, Pavlina Mihailov and Maria Dinkoya) Introduction General demographic characteristics of the population in Bulgaria Population Education Trends in the development of labour resources in Bulgaria . Labour resources and women's employment Development of female participation in social production Trends in the reproductive behaviour of Bulgarian women . Birthrate, 1945-80 Reproductive attitudes of Bulgarian women State protection for mothers and the problems of rearing children State protection and societal care . Women and the problem of child-rearing Conclusion Bibliography 4. Czechoslovakia (Zdenek Pavlik) Introduction Changes in reproductive behaviour and population policy . Fertility levels in the CSR and the SSR Population policy measures . . . The influence of population policy measures on fertility levels and population climate Female labour force participation The increase in female economic activity Women's attitudes towards labour force participation The effect of education and number of children on women's econo- mic activity Education Number of children and women's economic activity . Women's time use and division of labour in households . Standard of living of families with children Concluding discussion Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Poland (Jerzey Z. Holzer and Halina Wasilawska-Trenkner) . . . Introduction Socio-economic development and female employment . . . Demographic trends: general survey Changes in the level of the economic activity of women . . . Socio-demographic characteristics of women and their economic activity Source of income and the economic activity of women . . . Education and economic activity Number of children, education and economic activity A cohort study of the effect of number of children on economic activity ... Fertility and duration of employment . Motives for working . . Family size intentions Conclusions Bibliography 6. Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (A. Ya Kvasha, A. P. Sudoplatov, R. A. Ubaidullayeva) Introduction A brief history of the Uzbek SSR . Demographic development Population dynamics Birthrates Effect of education on birth rates . Effect of size of settlement on birth rates Family status and birth trends Marriage and divorce Mortality Migration Development of the female population Female labour force participation . Education and female employment Structure of the female labour force . . . . . . . . . Family income, female status and female employment . . . Problems of demographic policy in the Uzbek SSR Demographic policy as a major component of socio-economic policy Creation of an optimum type of population reproduction Legislation and state support Conclusion Bibliography . . . 7. Cuba (Alfonso Farnos, Fernando Gonzalez and Raul Hernandez) Introduction The situation of women: general determinants and their changes, before and after the Revolution Fertility: recent levels and trends Background Working women in socialist countries Decline of fertility in the 1970s Fertility according to area and province of residence . Some factors connected with changes in fertility . . . . . Female labour force participation . . . Educational levels . . Mortality levels Marriage and divorce . . . Contraception and abortion Current policy changes and their effects on the situation of Cuban women General conclusions . . . . Bibliography Figures 1. Percentage distribution of live births by age group of mother in Hungary, in 1901, 1930, 1960 and 1980 2. Birth rate trend in Bulgaria, 1945-80 . 3. Age-specific fertility rates in Cuba, 1970-80 4. Gross reproduction rate and crude female economic activity rate in Cuba, 1970-77 5. Marriage and divorce rates in Cuba, 1959-79 6. Divorces according to duration of marriage in Cuba, 1966 -76 7. Mean duration of marriages in Cuba, 1966-76 Tables 1. Female labour force participation rates, percentage of labour force which is female and percentage of labour force growth due to increase in female employment in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia,Hungary Pofend and the Uzbek SSR, 1950-80 2. Percentage of labour force which is female by branch of the e or socio-occupational group in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and the Uzbek SSR, various years 3. Educational levels of male and female labour force participants in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, the US the Uzbek SSR, various years 4. Average daily time spent in various activities by working men and women in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, various years 5. Time trends in total fertility rates in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Poland, the United States and the Uzbek SSR, 1937-80 6. Percentage distribution of fertility by age groupof woman a fertility rate in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the Uzbek SSR, various years 7. Percentage distribution of live births by parity of birth, an birth rate in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, 1960-80 8. Average number of children per married woman of childbearing age by economic activity status in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, various years 9. Policy measures for working mothers in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and the Uzbek SSR, as in force in 1980 10. Female population by economic activity status, in Hungary 1949-80 11. Percentage of economically active women among economically active persons by branch of the economy, in Hungary 1949-80 12. Percentage distribution of men and women employed in the socialist sector of the national economy and monthly earnings by economic branch in Hungary, 1980 13. Fertility of married women aged 35-59 in Hungary, 1949-80 . . . 14. Percentage distribution of live births by parity in Hungary, 1949-80 15. Age-specific fertility rates by age of mother in Hungary, 1949-80 16. Index of personal income per consumption unit as percentage of the income of households of economically active persons without a dependent child in Hungary, 1977 17. Consumption per person of manual and non-manual workers by number of children in Hungary, 1980 18. Average number of children of married women aged 15-49 by socio-occupational group in Hungary, 1930-80 19. Percentage distribution of economically active and dependent married women of childbearing age by number of children in Hungary, 1949-80 20. Number of children per married woman aged 40-49 (completed fertility) by economic activity status in Hungary, 1949-80 21. Average number of live births per married woman by educational level in Hungary, 1960-80 22. Percentage distribution of married women by number of live births, age group and educational level of mother in Hungary, 1980 . . . 23. Number of live births per married woman aged 40-49 by place of residence in Hungary 1960-80 24. Family allowances as a percentage of national income in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania, 1970-80 , 25. Cumulative family allowances by number of children as a percentage of the average wage in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland and Romania, 1978-80 , 26. Morbidity of children aged 0-3 years cared for in creches and at home in Hungary, 1966-72 , 27. Marriages per thousand persons by age group, sex and marital status in Hungary, 1969-70 and 1980 , 28. Annual divorce rate per thousand married persons by age group and sex in Hungary, 1969-70 and 1980 29. Average daily time budget of all men and women and of economically active men and women in Hungary, 1976-77 30. Average daily time spent by all women on household tasks and child care by marital status and number of children in Hungary, 1976-77 31. Percentage of persons with secondary, semi-higher and higher education by sex and age group in Bulgaria, 1975 32. Economic activity rates by sex in Bulgaria, 1961-79 . . . . . . 33. Economic activity rates by sex and age group in Bulgaria, 1975 34. Economic activity rates by marital status in Bulgaria, 1965 and 1975 Working women in socialist countries Decline of fertility in the 1970s Fertility according to area and province of residence . Some factors connected with changes in fertility . . . Female labour force participation . Educational levels . Mortality levels Marriage and divorce . . . . . Contraception and abortion Current policy changes and their effects on the situation oi women General conclusions Bibliography  |
