Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENTS3 PREFACE 5 CONTENTS 7 SUMMARY 9 NITROGEN OXIDES IN AMBIENT AIR - PROPERTIES, SOURCES AND CONCENTRATIONS 9 Physical and chemical properties of nitrogen oxides 10 Sources, concentrations and trends in air quality 11 Some methods used for determining nitrogen oxides 11 Relations between 1 -h, 24-h and long-term mean values 12 Atmospheric chemistry and dispersion models 12 Fixed stations versus personal samplers 12 Air quality guidelines and standards for nitrogen dioxide 12 References 14 EXPOSURE 14 Outdoor concentrations and human exposure 14 Indoor concentrations and human exposure 16 Personal exposure assessment and activity patterns 17 Relationships between indoor, outdoor and personal measurements of nitrogen dioxide 18 Dose and biological markers 18 Estimates of nitrogen dioxide exposure among the general Swedish population 18 Summary and concluding remarks 19 References 21 ABSORPTION AND METABOLIC FATE OF NITROGEN OXIDES 21 Basic data on the respiratory organs 21 Absorption in the respiratory tract 22 Transformation in the lung 22 Metabolites in blood and other body fluids or organs 23 Excretion pathways of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide 24 Sources of nitrite and the formation of N-nitroso compounds 25 Summary and concluding remarks 25 References 28 TOXICITY INDUCED BY NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND ISOLATED CELL SYSTEMS 28 Effects on pulmonary function 28 Effects on lung morphology 29 Biochemical mechanisms for lung injury 30 Effects on host defense 33 Systemic effects of nitrogen dioxide 33 Summary and concluding remarks 33 References 37 CONTROLLED STUDIES ON HUMANS 37 Effects of nitrogen oxides on lung function 39 Effects of nitrogen dioxide on airway responsivcness 41 Effects on alveolar permeability and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 41 Subjective symptoms and odor threshold 41 Summary and concluding remarks 42 References 44 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON NITRIC OXIDE 44 Endogenous formation 44 Effects of exposure 46 Summary and concluding remarks 47 References 50 GENOTOXICITY 50 Nitrogen oxides 52 Nitrite and nitrate 53 Nitrosamincs 53 Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 53 Alkenes and nitrogen dioxide 53 Summary and concluding remarks 54 References 57 EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES 57 Acute effects 58 Symptoms and diseases of the respiratory tract in children 63 Allergic sensitization in children 63 Symptoms and diseases of the respiratory tract in adults 65 Pulmonary function 65 Occupational exposures 66 Summary and concluding remarks 67 References 70 HEALTH RISK EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDED GUIDELINE VALUES 70 Evaluation of health effects 71 Recommended guideline values  |
