Youth Unemployment And Employment
İÇİNDEKİLERAbbreviationsIntroduction Part I The problem 1.YOUTH unemployment 1.1 A global concern 1.2 Defining youth 1.3 Youth and adult unemployment 1.4 Key questions and issues 2.The characteristics of youth unemployment 2.1 A youth labour market? What is unemployment? Is this "the problem"? 2.2. Which young people? Teenagers versus young adults Women versus men Ethnic origin Young people with disabilities Regionall disparities Education /skills levels 2.3 Concluding uding remarks 3.The Causes and consequences of youth unemployment 3.1 The causes Aggregate demand Wages Wages versus aggregate demand Size of the youth labour force 3.2 Does it matter? The consequences 3.3 The implications Part II Policy 4 Youth policy: General issues 4.1 Coordination and linkages 4.2 Youth and the ILO 4.3 Youth and the international policy context 5 Labour market information, monitoring and evaluation 5.1 Labour market information 5.2 Monitoring What is monitoring? The requirements of monitoring The role of monitoring 5.3 Evaluation Non-experimental methods: Gross outcome Weakly expenmentai evaluation: The use of comparison groups Quasi-experimental evaluation Highly experimental evaluation Which type of evaluation? 5.4 The role of information in the design and implementation of labour market policies for young people 6 The minimum wage and youth employment 6.1 Minimum wages employment and productivity 6.2 The effects of a minimum wage on youth employment 6.3 Youth minimum wages and international labour standards 6.4 The practice in selected countries 6.5 Concluding remarks 7 Education and training systems 7.1 Education and training system models The sequential versus the dual system School versus the workplace Certification What works? 7.2 Germany's dual system Strengths Weaknesses 7.3 Concluding remarks: Lessons to be learned 8 Active labour market policy 8.1 Policies that promote wage employment Policy issues ALMP and youth unemployment: The United Kingdom The New Deal: A new start? ALMP and youth unemployment: Jamaica 8.2 Policies that promote self-employment Promotion and introduction of the self-employment option Skills training Mentor support Finance Access to work space Business expansion support Creating support networks . Further design issues - 8.3 Programmes for disadvantaged young people The personal dimension The labour market dimension Skills mismatch Considerations for policy-makers and practitioners 8.4 Concluding remarks and policy recommendations 9 The role of employers' and workers' organizations 9.1 School/industry linkages Training in schools and workplaces Placements and sponsorship Other school/employment links 9.2 Active labour market policy 9.3 Guaranteeing training 9.4 International action 9.5 Potential problems 9.6 Policy implications Part III Towards an effective response 10 Conclusions and recommendations Appendices 1 ILO instruments containing standards regarding youth 2 ILO resolution concerning youth employment 3 Selected active labour market programmes for young people Bibliography Index List of tables 2.1 Unemployment rates and non-employment rates for 18-year-old majes in selected OECD countries, with rankings, 1997 12 Unemployment/population ratio and unemployment rate of 15- to 19-year-olds, with rankings, 1998 3.1 Elasticity of youth unemployment rates with respect to the adult unemployment rate and the youth/adult population ratio, with country and time-fixed effects 3.2 Annual average growth rates of the labour force in developing regions. 1990-2010 5.1 Hypothetical example of post-programme outcomes 6.1 Summary of the principal empirical results of studies earned out in the United States 6.2 Summary of the principal empirical results of studies carried out in France 6.3 Summary of the principal empirical results of studies in a selection of other countries 6.4 Categorization of selected countries according to the status of young workers in relation to the minimum wage 8.1 The effects of the United Kingdom's Youth Training Scheme on the probability of employment for an "average" individual one year after programme completion List of figures 1.1 Unemployment rates by age in the OECD countries. 1980-98 1.2 Jamaica: Unemployment rates by age, 1975-95 2.1 Unemployment rates by age in selected countries. 1998 2.2 Ratio of female-to-male youth (15-24) unemployment rates in selected countries. 1998 2.3 Ratio of female-to-male youth (15-24) unemployment rates in the OECD countries, 1981-98 2.4 United Republic of Tanzania: Unemployment rates by age and sex, 1990-91 2.5 India: Youth urban and rural unemployment rates, 1993-94 2.6 Chile: Youth unemployment rates by sex. 1986-95 2.7 Jamaica: Ratio of female-to-male unemployment rates by age. 1975-95 2.8 United Kingdom: Unemployment and labour force participation rates by age and disability, winter 1994-95 2.9 Unemployment rates by level of education in selected countries and territories. 1996 2.10 Indonesia: Unemployment and labour force participation rate by level of education. 1993 2.11 Indonesia: Youth unemployment rates by level of education. 1993 3.1 Youth labour force by region 1950-2010 3.2 Youth/adult population ratio by region. 1950-2010 3.3 Proportion of the unemployed (young people and adults) in long-term unemployment in the OECD countries. 1997 5.1 The roie of monitoring in policy design and implementation 6.1 The effect of the minimum wage in a competitive model 6.2 The effect of the minimum wage in a non-competitive model 7.1 Ratio of youth (15-24) to adult (25-54) unemployment rates in the OECD countries. 1998 7.2 The German education system  |
