Municipal and Rural Sanitation
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENTS Preface v Introduction 1 Public Health Work. Sanitation. The Changing Environment. Chapter 1 Communicable Diseases 4 Definitions. Microorganisms. Methods of Communication. Diseases Communicated by Intestinal Discharges. Typhoid Fever. Typhoid Epidemics. Paratyphoid Fever. Dysentery. Ancylostomiasis (Hookworm Disease). Infectious Hepatitis. Diseases Communicated by Nose and Throat Discharges. Poliomyelitis. Tuberculosis. Other Communicable D seases. Arthropod-borne Diseases. Diseases of Animals Transmissible to Man. Miscellaneous Diseases. General Methods of Communicable Disease Control. Immunization. Quarantine and Isolation. Control of Epidemics. Chapter 2 Water: General Characteristics, Treatment, and Protection 24 Underground Water. Impurities of Water. Water and Disease. Chemical Examinations of Water. Bacteriological Examinations. Methods of Bacteriological Examination. Collection of Samples for Bacteriological Analyses. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. Application of Drinking Water Standards. Treatment of Water. Storage and Plain Sedimentation. Aeration. Slow Sand Filter. Coagulation. Sedimentation or Clarification. Rapid Sand Filter. Chlorination. The Ortho-tolidine Test. Chlorine Dosage and Application. Chlorinators. Chlorine Residuals Maintained. Iron and Manganese Removal. Softening of Water. Stabilization of Water. Fluoridation. Corrosion Control. Algae Control. Taste and Odor Control. Demineralization of Saline Waters. Development of Ground-water Sources of Supply for Public Use. Water-storage Reservoirs and Pump Houses. Distribution of Water. Cross-connections. Laboratory Practice for Waterworks Operators. Sanitation and Development of Individual Water Facilities. Springs. Cisterns. Individual Well Supplies. Individual Surface-water Supplies. Drinking Fountains. Bottled Water. Manufacture of Ice. Chapter 3 Air Pollution and Its Control 74 Classification of Pollutants. Aerosols. Gaseous Materials. Interaction Products. Meteorology and Air Pollution. Effects of Atmospheric Pollution. Major Disasters. Los Angeles. Atmospheric Pollution and Health. Effects upon Animals. Effects upon Plants. Property Damage. Prevention and Control of Air Pollution. Smoke. Removal of Particulates. Gas Removal. Automobile Exhausts. Legal Control of Air Pollution. Industry and Air Pollution. Pollen Control. Monitoring. Air-pollution Surveys. Sampling. Chapter 4 Treatment and Disposal of Human Wastes 103 Extent of the Problem. Characteristics of. Excreta and Sewage. Bacteriology of Sewage and Stabilization. Soil Characteristics. Individual Sewage Disposal Systems. The Cesspool. The Septic Tank: Principles. Septic-tank Capacity. Septic-tank Details. Large Septic Tanks. Operation of Septic Tanks. Grease Traps. The Tile Disposal Field. Tile Layouts. Seepage Pits. Causes of Disposal-field Failures. Subsurface Sand Filters. Open Sand Filters. Sewage Collection. Municipal Sewage Treatment and Disposal. Dilution. Preliminary Treatment. Sedimentation of Sewage. Filtration. Activated Sludge. Stabilization Ponds. Disinfection. Sludge Disposal. Irrigation. What Can Be Expected of Sewage Treatment. Industrial Wastes. Training of Sewage-works Operators. Excreta Disposal without Water Carriage. Requirements for Satisfactory Excreta Disposal. The Concrete-slab Pit Privy. Other Types of Privies. Chapter 5 Refuse Sanitation 151 Quantities. Refuse. Garbage. Rubbish. Ashes. Dead Animals. Street Sweepings. Industrial Wastes. Refuse Storage. Separation of Refuse. Storage Containers. Point of Collection. Special Treatment. Public Education. Refuse Collection. Organization for Collection. Collection Personnel. Time of Collection. Frequency of Collection. Collection Equipment. Factors Affecting Collection. Planning a Collection System. Records. Cost of Collection. Refuse Disposal. Dumping. Hog Feeding. Incineration. On-site Incineration. Sanitary Landfill. Composting. Discharge to Sewers. Salvaging. The Refuse Problem in Small Towns and on the Farm. Chapter 6 Milk Sanitation 183 The Dairy. Milk as a Vehicle of Infection. Essentials of Milk Sanitation. Milk and Bacteria. Foreign Substances in Milk and Milk Products. Legal Responsibility for Quality Control of Milk and Milk Products. Physical and Chemical Tests of Milk. The 3A Sanitary Standards for Dairy Equipment. Healthy Cows. Health and Habits of Dairy Workmen. The Dairy Barn and Surroundings. The Toilet. The Milkhouse. Design of Utensils. Cleaning and Sanitizing of Equipment. The Cleaning Process. Sanitizing with Chemical Agents. Heat as a Sanitizing Agent. Milking. Milking Machines. Straining. Cooling. Bottling, Capping, and Delivery. Pasteurization. Pasteurization Methods. Sanitary Control of Pasteurization. The Pasteurization Plant. Operation of the Plant. Municipal Regulation of Milk Supplies. The Milk Ordinance and Code. Inspection and Sampling. The Laboratory and Testing. Collection and Delivery of Milk. Rating of Cities. Interstate Milk Shipments. Certified Milk. Milk Products. Dry Milk and Dry-milk Products. Butter. Cheese. Frozen Desserts. Chapter 7 Food Sanitation 228 Food and Drug Laws. Parasites. Food Poisoning. Sources of Outbreaks and Investigation. Chemicals in Foods. Legal Control of Food Safety. Canned Foods. Dried Foods. Paper Containers. Sanitation of Refrigerated Locker Plants. Frozen Foods. Health Certificates. Sanitation of Eating and Drinking Establishments. Cleaning and Bactericidal Treatment of Utensils and Equipment. Storage and Protection of Food in Restaurants. Model Ordinance for Restaurant Sanitation. Restaurant Sanitation in Rural Areas. Automatic Food Vending. Aids to Inspection of Food Establishments. Instructions of Food Handlers. Meat Inspection. Inspections. Abattoirs. Markets. Poultry Inspection and Sanitation. Operating Procedures. Shellfish Sanitation. Oysters and Water Pollution. Certification. Classification of Waters. Harvesting. Preparation of Shellfish for Marketing. Bacteriological Criteria for Shellfish. Processing of Shellfish. Effect of Cooking. Poisoning Caused by Shellfish. Chapter 8 Disinfectants and Insecticides 269 Disinfection. Fumigation. Physical Agents of Disinfection. Heat. Light. The Chemical Agents of Disinfection. General Characteristics. Phenol Coefficient. Lime. Chlorine. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. Carbolic Acid. Phenol. Cresol. Formaldehyde. Ethylene Oxide. Bichloride of Mercury. Other Disinfectants. Detergents. Methods of Disinfection. Disinfection of Rooms. Insecticides. Insecticide Formulations. Types of Insecticides. Natural Organic Insecticides. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. The Organic Phosphorus Insecticides. Organic Thiocyanates. The Organic Sulfur Group. Other Insecticides. Resistance. Precautions in the Use of Insecticides. Chapter 9 Insect Vector and Rodent Control 285 Mosquitoes and Disease. Life Cycle of the Mosquito. Habits of Adult Mosquitoes. Identification of Mosquitoes. Mosquito Surveys. Disease Control. Control of Nuisance Mosquitoes. Larvicidal Methods. Drainage. Ditching. Ditch Maintenance. Vertical Drainage. Improvement and Maintenance of Streams. Street Drainage. Subsurface Drainage. Impounded Waters. Other Man-made Mosquito Breeding Places. Salt-marsh Drainage. Filling. Larviciding. Oils Used. Oil Application. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Larvicides. Organic Phosphorus Insecticides. Paris Green. Natural Enemies. Measures against Adults. Space Spraying. Residual Spraying. Protection against Mosquitoes. Fly Control. Flies and Disease. Life Cycle of Domestic Flies. Fly-control Measures. The Community Fly-control Program. Environmental Measures. Larvicidal Measures. Adulticidal Methods. Control of Some Other Arthropods of Public Health Importance. Cockroaches. Bedbugs. Lice. Fleas. Ticks. Rodent Control and Rat Fleas. Rodents and Public Health. Plague. Typhus Fever. Rodents as an Economic Factor. Rodent-survey Techniques. General Methods of Control. Sanitation and Rat Control. Poisoning. Trapping. Fumigation. Ectoparasite Control. Ratproofing. Rat Stoppage. Port Regulations. Community Efforts in Rat Control. Chapter 10 Ventilation and Air Conditioning 353 Composition of the Earth's Atmosphere. Effects of Occupancy. Air Contaminants. Bacteria in Air. Organic Matter and Odors. Heat Loss. Effective Temperature. Air Motion. Humidity. Comfort Standard of Ventilation. Physiological Effects of Heat. Ventilation Methods. Methods of Heating. Air Interchange. Natural Ventilation. Artificial Ventilation. Air Conditioning. Insulation of Buildings. Disinfection of Air in Occupied Rooms. Heating Appliances and Carbon Monoxide. Automobile Exhausts. Chapter 11 Plumbing 372 Legal Control. Plumbing Codes. Enforcement. Scope of Plumbing. Sewer Gas. Definition of Terms. Plumbing Fixtures Required. Water Supply. Building Sewer. Building Drains and Branches. The Building Trap. Changes of Direction. Joints. Stacks. Pipe Supports. Fixture Traps and Trap Venting. Venting Systems. Inspection. Grease Traps. Fixtures. Cross-connections in Plumbing Systems. Trailer-coach and Trailer-camp Standards. Hospital Plumbing. Storm-water Drainage. Chapter 12 Public Bathing-place Sanitation 409 Bathing Waters and Health. Bathing-place Standards. Types of Pools. Bacteriological Control. Recirculation Systems and Their Control. Maintenance of the Pressure Sand and Gravel Filters. Diatomaceous Earth Filters. Disinfection of Pool Water. Natural Bathing Places. Disinfection and Bathing Loads for Natural Bathing Places. Pool Construction. Cleaning Pools. Safety Provisions. Control of Bathers. Suits and Towels. The Bathhouse. Small Pools. Chapter 13 Light 438 Measurement of Light. The Inverse Square Law. The Cosine Law. Photometry. Reflection. Contrast. Shadows. Standards of Illumination Practice. Natural Lighting. Artificial Light. Fluorescent Lighting. Good Lighting and Production. Chapter 14 Housing 453 General Requirements. Heating and Ventilation. Lighting. Protection against Excessive Noise. Provision of Adequate Exercise and Play Space for Children. Water Supply. Excreta Disposal. Prevention of Vermin. Food Storage Provision of Sufficient Space in Sleeping Rooms. Materials and Construction. Fire Protection. Accident Prevention. Satisfaction of Fundamental Psychological Needs. Privacy Provision for Normal Family and Community Life. Provision for Cleanliness and Convenience. Housing and Government. Housing Regulation. Enforcement of Housing Regulations. Zoning and Housing. Municipal Housing Programs. Federal Government and Housing. Chapter 15 Institutional Sanitation 472 Schools. School Health Program. Location. Building. Interior Finish. Light and Color. Heating and Ventilation. Noise Control. Furnishings. Plumbing. Water Supply and Sewage Disposal. Cleaning and Maintenance. Hospitals. Physical Structure and Maintenance. Central Supply and Sterilizing Areas. Hospital Plumbing. Operating and Delivery Rooms and Nurseries. Isolation Areas. Refuse Disposal. Nursing Homes and Related Institutions. Nursing Homes. Jails. Physical Structure. Cleanliness and Maintenance. Examination of Inmates and Inspections. Lighting and Ventilation. Water Supply and Sewerage. Pest Control. Food Service. Cell Furnishings. Chapter 16 Occupational Health 499 Health Work in Industry. Programs for Small Plants. Governmental Control. Organization for Occupational Health. Occupational Hazards. Industrial Poisons. Threshold-limit Values. The Dust Hazard. Radiation Hazards. Industrial Noise. Light as a Hazard. Heat. Compressed Air. Repeated Motion, Vibration, Pressure, and Shock. Infections. Plant Sanitation. Ventilation. Illumination. Water Supply. Toilet Facilities. Chapter 17 Radiological Sanitation 521 Atomic Structure. Radioactivity. Half-life of Radioisotopes. Ionization. Units of Radiation and Radioactivity. Radiation Dosage. Instruments Used for Detection and Measurement of Radiation. Maximum Permissible Radiation Exposures. Harmful Effects of Radiation. Radiological Sanitation. Monitoring of Air, Milk and Other Foods, and Water. Environmental Protection from Nuclear Power Reactors. Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. Health Departments and Radiological Health. Chapter 18 Miscellaneous Environmental Problems 541 Magnitude of the Problem. Epidemiology of Accidents. Accident Pre-vention. Organization for Accident Prevention. Sanitation of Public Conveyances. Railways. Vessels. Airplanes. Buses. Community Noise Abatement. Sources of Noise. Noise Prevention. Motels, Trailer Parks, Camps, and Migratory Labor Camps. Motels and Tourist Courts. Summer Camps. Migratory Labor Camps. Mobile Home Parks. Disaster Sanitation. Chapter 19 Vital Statistics 562 Sources of Vital Statistics. Census. Death Certificates. Birth Certificates. Morbidity Reports. Registration Area. Population. Death Rates. Causes of Death. Some Factors Affecting Death Rates. Birthrates. Infant Mortality. Morbidity Rates. Statistics. Chapter 20 Public Health Organizations 577 Health Activities. Vital Statistics. Communicable Disease Control. Maternal and Child Health. Chronic Diseases. Environmental Health. Laboratory. Public Health Education. Public Health Law. Health Organizations. The World Health Organization. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Other Health Agencies of the National Government. State Health Departments. City Health Departments. Health Department of a Large City. Health Department of a Medium-sized City. Health Department of a Small City. County Health Department. District Organization. Private Health Organizations. Chapter 21 Environmental Engineering Planning 605 Population Trends. Planning. City Planning. Metropolitan or Regional Planning. Environmental Planning in General. Environmental Planning for the City. Environmental Planning for the Metropolitan Area. Appendix A 613 Classification of Illnesses Attributable to Foods. Appendix B 625 Threshold Limit Values of Industrial Atmospheric Contaminants for 1963. Appendix C 639 Glossary of Radiological Health Terms. Index 645  |
