Position of Women On The Labour Market In The European Community
İÇİNDEKİLERContentsList of tables List of figures Preface Introduction Chapter 1 : An increase in the supply of female labour 1. Population changes do not seem to be responsible for the tensions on the European labour market 2. An increase in the activity rates for women between twenty-five and forty-nine is visible throughout the Community 3. Activity rates by age : differentiated profiles 3.1 Differentiated profiles 3.2 Developments in the direction of the Danish model 4. Explanatory factors : to be sought within the context of labour supply and demand 4.1 A falling off in the influence of family responsibilities 4.2 Levels of educational attainment the deciding factor for the participation of women in the labour market 4.3 Other factors 5. Conclusions Appendix 1.1: Link between activity rates and children's numbers and ages - national data Appendix 1.2 : Link between women's activity and their levels of educational attainment Chapter 2 : Growth and segregation in female employment 1.The increase in female employment between 1983 and 1989 2. The concentration of female employment in the tertiary sector 3. The decline of employment in agriculture 4. The accentuation of regional disparities 5. The bad example of the public sector 5.1 Part-time working 5.2 Temporary working 6. Conclusions Appendix 2.1 : Detailed statistics in relation to the distribution and the growth of employment, by sectors, by regions and by status Chapter 3 : Employment types and status : no improvement between 1983 and 1989 1. The majority are still in subordinate direct employment 1.1 Subordinate direct employment 1.2 Self-emgloyment decrease in family workers 2. Atypical employment: part-time work remains a characteristic of women in northern Europe 2.1 Part-time working : differentiated evolutions 2.2 Temporary employment: development in the countries of southern Europe 2.3 Rotating, unsocial and split working hours 3. Conclusions Appendix 3.1: Distribution of the part-time work according to the number of hours working by week Appendix 3.2 : Distribution of part-time employment by age groups Chapter 4 : Conditions of remuneration : persistence and increase of the disparities 1. Harmonized income statistics : an imperfect tool for the analysis of discrimination 2. The development and position of women's relative earnings: persistence and worsening of the differences 2.1 Differentials by age 2.2 Differentials by levels of educational attainment 3.Vertical and horizontal segregation, the underevaluation of women's work and premia systems: points explaining gender pay differentials 3.1 Differences in the distribution of employment by gender 3.2 Underevaluation of women's work 3.3 The influence of premia systems 4. Conclusions Appendix 4.1 : Relative earnings of women by NACE sectors (woman's earnings / man's earnings, in percentage) Chapter 5 : The unemployment of women 1. Inequalities as to the extent and development of unemployment 2. Marked differences in terms of age, region and levels of educational attainment 2.1 Women's unemployment by age 2.2 Women's unemployment by region 2.3 Women's unemployment by levels of qualification 3. Circumstances giving rise to unemployment; returns to the labour market and an end to temporary contracts, 3.1 Women seeking a first job or looking for employment after a period of economic inactivity 3.2 Women who have lost their jobs 4. Length of unemployment 4.1 Situation 4.2 Developments 5. Unemployment compensation : lower for women than for men 6. Women's unemployment in the five new Lander 7. Conclusions Appendix 5.1: Distribution of unemployed job seekers following the duration of search Chapter 6 : The ambiguous role of employment policies 1.Women's poor representation in general employment policies 1.1 Passive policies 1.2 Active policies 1.3 Women's place in general employment policies 2.Employment policies specific to women or the major trends in equal opportunities over the decade 3. Employment policies in the new Lander of Germany 3.1 Job creation and placements (Arbeitsbeschaffngsmab-nahmen) in the five new Lander 3.2 Initial, further training and redeployment schemes in the five new Lander : 4. Conclusions Chapter 7 : Conclusions Bibliography  |
