Youth unemployment and employment policy
İÇİNDEKİLERCONTENSAbbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction Part I The problem 1 Youth unemployment 1.1 A global concern 1.2 Denning youth 1.3 Youth and adult unemployment 1.4 Key questions and issues 2 The characteristics of youth unemployment 2.1 A youth labour market? What is unemployment? Is this "the problem? 2.2 Which young people? Teenagers versus young adults Women versus men Ethnic origin Young people with disabilities Regional disparities Education, skills leveis 2.5 Concluding remarks 3 The causes and consequences of youth unemployment 3.1 The causes Aggregate demand Wages Wages versus aggregate demand Size of the youth labour force 3 2 Does it matter? The -consequences 3 3 The implications 4 Youth policy: General issues 4.1 Coordination and linkages 4.2 5 youth and the ILO 4.3 Youth and the international policy context 5 Labour market information, monitoring and evaluation 5 ! Labour market information 5.2 Monitoring What is monitoring? The requirements of monitoring The role of monitoring 5.3 Evaluation Non-e.xperimema! methods: Gross outcomes Weakly experimental evaluation The use of comparison groups Quasi-expenmentai evaluation Which experimental evaluation Which type of evaluation? 5.4 The roie of information in the design and implementation of labour market policies for young people 6 The minimum wage and youth employment 6.1 Minimum wages, empioyment and productivity 6.2 The effects of a minimum wage on youth employment 6.3 Youth minimum wages and international labour standards 6.4 The practice in selected countries 6.5 Concluding remarks 7 Education and training systems ~.l Education and training system models The sequential versus the dual system School versus the workplace Certification What works? 7.2 Germany's dual system Strengths Weaknesses 7.3 Concluding remarks Lessons to be learned 8 Active labour market policy S.i Policies that. promote wage emproyment Policy issues ALMP and youth unemployment: The United Kingdom The New Deal: A new start" ALMP and youth unemployment: Jamaica 8.2 Policies that promote self-ernpioyment Promotion and introduction of the self-employment option Skills training Mentor support Finance Access to work space Business expansion support Creating support networks Further design issues 8.3 Programmes for disadvantaged young people The personal dimension The labour market dimension Skills mismatch Considerations for policy-makers and practitioners 8.4 Concluding remarks and policy recomrnenda:ions 9 The role of employers' and workers' organizations 9.1 School industry linkages Training in schools and workplaces Placements and sponsorship Other school, employment links 9.2 Active labour market policy 93 Guaranteeing training 9.4 International action 9.5 Potential problems 96 Policy implications Part III Towards an effective response 10 Conclusions and recommendations Appendices 1 ILO instruments containing standards regarding youth 2 ILO resolution concerning youth employment 3 Selected active labour market programmes for young people Bibliography Index List of cables 2.1 Unemployment rates and non-employment rates for 18-year-old Males in selected OECD countries, with rankings. 1997 2.2 Unemployment, population ratio and unemployment rates of 15- to 19-year-olds, with rankings. 1998 3,1 Elasticity of youth unemployment rates with respect to the adult unemployment rate and the youth adult population ratio, with country and time-fixed effects 3.2 Annual average growth rates of the labour force in developing regions. 1990-2010 5.! Hypothetical example of post-programme outcomes 6.1 Summary o: the prncipai empirical results of stucies carnec out in the United States Sumrnary of the principal empincai results of studies earned oui in France Summary of the principal empincai results of studies in a selector. of other countries 6 4 Categorization of selected countries according to the status of young workers in relation to the minimum wage 8.1 The effects of the United Kingdom's Youth Training Scheme on the probabihty of employmen: for an "average" individual one year after programme completion List of figures 1.1 Unemployment rates by age in the OECD countnes. 1980-98 1.2 Jamaica: Unemployment rates by age. 1975-95 2.1 Unemployment rates by age in selected countries. 1998 2.2 Ratio of femaie-to-male youth ( 15-24) unemployment rates in selected countnes. 1998 2.3 Ratio of female-to-male youth (15-24) unemployment rates in the OECD countnes. 1981-98 24 United Republic of Tanzania: Unemployment rates by age and sex. 1990-91 2.5 India: Youth urban and rural unemployment rates. 1993-94 2.6 Chile: Youth unemployment rates by sex. 1986-95 2.7 Jamaica: Ratio of femaie-to-male unemployment rates by age. 1975-95 2.8 United Kingdom: Unemployment and labour force participation rates by age and disability, winter 1094-95 2.9 Unemployment rates by level of education in selected countries and territories. 1996 210 Indonesia: Unemployment and labour force participation rates by level of education. 1993 2.11 Indonesia: Youth unemployment rates by level of education. 1993 3.1 Youth labour force by region. !950-20!0 3.2 Youth-adult population ratio by region. 1950-2010 3.3 Proportion of the unemployed .young people and adultsi in long-term. unemployment in the OECD countnes. 1997 5.1 The role of monitoring in policy. design and implementation 6 1 The effect of the minimum wage in a competitive model 6.2 The effect of the minimum wage in a non-competitive model 7.1 Ratio of youth (15-24) to adult (25-54) unemployment rates in the OECD countries. 1998 7.2 The German education system NOTLARA global perspective |
